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    The Upper Respiratory System: Anatomy

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    Sharah Annisa
    The document summarizes key aspects of the upper respiratory system. It describes that the respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone provides airways to the sites of gas exchange. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the respiratory tract. It also contains olfactory receptors. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and opens into the nasal pharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal/oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid and acts as a valve to direct airflow. It also houses the vocal cords.

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    The Upper Respiratory System: Anatomy

    Uploaded by

    Sharah Annisa
    11 views38 pages
    The document summarizes key aspects of the upper respiratory system. It describes that the respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone provides airways to the sites of gas exchange. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the respiratory tract. It also contains olfactory receptors. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and opens into the nasal pharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal/oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid and acts as a valve to direct airflow. It also houses the vocal cords.

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    The document summarizes key aspects of the upper respiratory system. It describes that the respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone provides airways to the sites of gas exchange. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the respiratory tract. It also contains olfactory receptors. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and opens into the nasal pharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal/oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid and acts as a valve to direct airflow. It also houses the vocal cords.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views38 pages

    The Upper Respiratory System: Anatomy

    Uploaded by

    Sharah Annisa
    The document summarizes key aspects of the upper respiratory system. It describes that the respiratory system consists of conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone provides airways to the sites of gas exchange. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the respiratory tract. It also contains olfactory receptors. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and opens into the nasal pharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal/oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid and acts as a valve to direct airflow. It also houses the vocal cords.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    The Upper Respiratory

    System
    Anatomy
    Respiratory System
    • Consists of the respiratory and conducting
    zones
    • Respiratory zone
    – Site of gas exchange
    – Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
    • Conducting zone
    – Provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of
    gas exchange
    – Includes all other respiratory structures (e.g.,
    nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
    • Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other
    muscles that promote ventilation

    Chapter 22, Respiratory System 3


    Function of the Nose
    • The only externally visible part of the
    respiratory system that functions by:
    – Providing an airway for respiration
    – Moistening (humidifying) and warming the
    entering air
    – Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign
    matter
    – Serving as a resonating chamber for speech
    – Housing the olfactory receptors
    Structure of the Nose
    • The nose is divided into two regions
    – The external nose, including the root, bridge,
    dorsum nasi, and apex
    – The internal nasal cavity
    • Philtrum – a shallow vertical groove inferior to
    the apex
    • The external nares (nostrils) are bounded
    laterally by the alae
    Nasal Cavity
    • Lies in and posterior to the external nose
    • Is divided by a midline nasal septum
    • Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via
    internal nares
    • The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the roof
    • The floor is formed by the hard and soft palates
    • Vestibule – nasal cavity superior to the nares
    – Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse particles from
    inspired air
    • Olfactory mucosa
    – Lines the superior nasal cavity
    – Contains smell receptors
    10
    • Inspired air is:
    – Humidified by the high water content in the nasal
    cavity
    – Warmed by rich plexuses of capillaries
    • Ciliated mucosal cells remove contaminated
    mucus
    Vascular Supply
    Nerve Supply
    • Superior, medial, and inferior conchae:
    – Protrude medially from the lateral walls
    – Increase mucosal area
    – Enhance air turbulence and help filter air
    • Sensitive mucosa triggers sneezing when
    stimulated by irritating particles
    Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and
    Conchae
    • During inhalation the conchae and nasal
    mucosa:
    – Filter, heat, and moisten air
    • During exhalation these structures:
    – Reclaim heat and moisture
    – Minimize heat and moisture loss
    Paranasal Sinuses
    • Sinuses in bones that surround the nasal
    cavity
    • Sinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and
    moisten the air
    Paranasal sinuses
    – Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
    – Open into nasal cavity
    – Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and perform
    same functions
    – Also lighten the skull
    – Can get infected: sinusitis

    20
    Pharynx
    • Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that
    connects to the:
    – Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
    – Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
    • Extends from the base of the skull to the level
    of the sixth cervical vertebra
    • It is divided into three regions

    –Nasopharynx / Epipharynx
    –Oropharynx / Mesopharynx
    –Laryngopharynx / Hipopharynx
    The Pharynx (throat)
    • 3 parts: naso-, oro- and laryngopharynx
    • Houses tonsils (they respond to inhaled antigens)
    • Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing so food doesn’t go into
    nose
    • Epiglottis posterior to the tongue: keeps food out of airway
    • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as common passageway for
    food and air
    – Lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection

    *
    *

    23
    Nasopharynx
    • Lies posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the
    sphenoid, and superior to the level of the soft palate
    • Strictly an air passageway
    • Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • Closes during swallowing to prevent food from
    entering the nasal cavity
    • The pharyngeal tonsil lies high on the posterior wall
    • Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into the
    lateral walls
    Oropharynx
    • Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate
    to the epiglottis
    • Opens to the oral cavity via an archway called the
    fauces
    • Serves as a common passageway for food and air
    • The epithelial lining is protective stratified
    squamous epithelium
    • Palatine tonsils lie in the lateral walls of the
    fauces
    • Lingual tonsil covers the base of the tongue
    Laryngopharynx
    • Serves as a common passageway for food and
    air
    • Lies posterior to the upright epiglottis
    • Extends to the larynx, where the respiratory
    and digestive pathways diverge
    Larynx (Voice Box)
    • Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the
    laryngopharynx superiorly
    • Continuous with the trachea posteriorly
    • The three functions of the larynx are:
    – To provide a patent airway
    – To act as a switching mechanism to route air and
    food into the proper channels
    – To function in voice production
    Framework of the Larynx
    • Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx
    – Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage
    with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s
    apple)
    – Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
    – Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and
    corniculate cartilages
    • Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the
    laryngeal inlet during swallowing
    • Framework of the larynx
    – 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
    – Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
    anteriorly
    – Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the only complete
    ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wide posteriorly

    29
    – Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3 pairs
    of small cartilages
    1. Arytenoid: anchor the vocal cords
    2. Corniculate
    3. Cuneiform
    – 9th cartilage: epiglottis

    30
    31
    *

    Posterior views

    Epliglottis* (the 9th cartilage)


    Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
    On a stalk attached to thyroid cartilage
    Attaches to back of tongue
    During swallowing, larynx is pulled superiorly
    Epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal laryngeal
    inlet
    Keeps food out of lower respiratory tract
    32
    • Innervation of larynx (makes surgery at neck risky)
    – Recurrent laryngeal nerves of Vagus
    – These branch off the Vagus and make a big downward loop
    under vessels, then up to larynx in neck
    – Left loops under aortic arch
    – Right loops under right subclavian artery
    – Damage to one: hoarseness
    – Damage to both: can only whisper

    33
    Vocal Ligaments
    • Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid
    cartilage
    • Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal
    folds called true vocal cords
    – The medial opening between them is the glottis
    – They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up
    from the lungs
    • False vocal cords
    –Mucosal folds superior to the true
    vocal cords
    –Have no part in sound production
    Trachea
    • Flexible and mobile tube extending from the
    larynx into the mediastinum
    • Composed of three layers
    – Mucosa – made up of goblet cells and ciliated
    epithelium
    – Submucosa – connective tissue deep to the
    mucosa
    – Adventitia – outermost layer made of C-shaped
    rings of hyaline cartilage
    Chapter 22, Respiratory System 37
    Trachea

    Figure 22.6a
    Chapter 22, Respiratory System 38

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