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    The Middle Ear Transformer

    Uploaded by

    Diego Rozul
    The middle ear transformer amplifies sound about 46 times through three mechanisms: 1) The hydraulic lever of the tympanic membrane and ossicles increases pressure about 15-20 times due to area ratio differences; 2) The catenary lever of the curved tympanic membrane amplifies sound by 100% through greater displacement; 3) The ossicular lever increases vibration by 30% through length ratio differences. This amplification overcomes the impedance mismatch between air and fluid in the cochlea. The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles protect hearing during loud sounds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Middle Ear Transformer

    Uploaded by

    Diego Rozul
    851 views13 pages
    The middle ear transformer amplifies sound about 46 times through three mechanisms: 1) The hydraulic lever of the tympanic membrane and ossicles increases pressure about 15-20 times due to area ratio differences; 2) The catenary lever of the curved tympanic membrane amplifies sound by 100% through greater displacement; 3) The ossicular lever increases vibration by 30% through length ratio differences. This amplification overcomes the impedance mismatch between air and fluid in the cochlea. The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles protect hearing during loud sounds.

    Original Description:

    Middle Ear Amplification

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    The middle ear transformer amplifies sound about 46 times through three mechanisms: 1) The hydraulic lever of the tympanic membrane and ossicles increases pressure about 15-20 times due to area ratio differences; 2) The catenary lever of the curved tympanic membrane amplifies sound by 100% through greater displacement; 3) The ossicular lever increases vibration by 30% through length ratio differences. This amplification overcomes the impedance mismatch between air and fluid in the cochlea. The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles protect hearing during loud sounds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    851 views13 pages

    The Middle Ear Transformer

    Uploaded by

    Diego Rozul
    The middle ear transformer amplifies sound about 46 times through three mechanisms: 1) The hydraulic lever of the tympanic membrane and ossicles increases pressure about 15-20 times due to area ratio differences; 2) The catenary lever of the curved tympanic membrane amplifies sound by 100% through greater displacement; 3) The ossicular lever increases vibration by 30% through length ratio differences. This amplification overcomes the impedance mismatch between air and fluid in the cochlea. The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles protect hearing during loud sounds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    The Middle Ear

    Transformer
    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    The Need for the Middle Ear
    Transformer
    • Cochlear fluid is harder to displace than air
    • Most of the energy may be reflected
    • Less than 1% of energy is transferred to the inner ear
    • If the tympanic membrane and ossicular system
    were gone or damaged
    • 15-20dB drop in hearing sensitivity
    • If pure air conduction to the cochlea

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Catenary Ossicular
    Lever
    Lever

    Hydraulic
    Lever

    Impedance Matching
    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.
    Area Ratio Advantage (Hydraulic
    Lever)

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Area Ratio Advantage
    • The tympanic membrane is 17 times larger than
    the stapes
    • This increases pressure (F/A)
    • Same force, smaller area
    • 15-20 time multiplier

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Curved Membrane Buckling
    (Catenary Lever)

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Curved Membrane Buckling
    • There is less displacement in the manubrium
    prominence area
    • Greater displacement in the curved membrane
    • Amplifies sound by 100%

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Lever Action of Ossicular Chain
    (Ossicular Lever)

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.
    Lever Action of Ossicular Chain
    • The increased movement of the stapes is not the
    cause of amplification
    • Cause of amplification is the length ratio of the
    malleus to the incus
    • Smallest contributor to amplification
    • Only increases by 30%

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Middle Ear Transformer in Action

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.


    Summary
    • Sound energy is approximately amplified 46 times
    by the middle ear transformer
    • 15-20 times through hydraulic lever
    • 2 times through catenary lever
    • 1.3 times through ossicular lever
    • Moderated by the tensor tympani and stapedius
    • Reflexive contraction
    • Protects from continuous loud sounds
    • Reduces perceived loudness to own voice
    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.
    References
    Gelfand, S. A. (2009). Essentials of audiology. New York,
    USA: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.
    Hall, J. E. (2016). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical
    physiology. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier.
    Widmaier, E. P., Raff, H., & Strang, K. T. (2014). Vander’s
    human physiology: The mechanisms of body function. New
    York, USA: McGraw Hill.

    ROZUL, Carlos Diego A.

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