Determining Transformer

Phase Angle Displacement

 Transformers Do Not Change Or Create
Phases
• A transformer can not act as a phase changing device and change
single-phase into three-phase or three-phase into single phase. To
make the transformer connections compatible with three-phase
supplies we need to connect them together in a particular way to
form a Three Phase Transformer Configuration.
• A three phase transformer or 3φ transformer can be constructed
either by connecting together three single-phase transformers,
thereby forming a so-called three phase transformer bank, or by using
one pre-assembled and balanced three phase transformer which
consists of three pairs of single phase windings mounted onto one
single laminated core.
 Advantages Of A Three Phase Transformer
• The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for
the same kVA rating it will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three
individual single phase transformers connected together because the
copper and iron core are used more effectively. As well as having
fewer bushings. The methods of connecting the primary and
secondary windings are the same, whether using just one Three
Phase Transformer or three separate Single Phase Transformers.
 How We Label
• The standard method for marking three phase transformer windings
is to label the polarity end of three primary windings with capital
letters A, B and C, and the non polarity end of the winding as A´
(called A prime) B ´and C ´.
• The secondary windings are labeled with small (lower case) letters a,
b and c and a ´, b ´and c ´.
 Another Method of Labeling
• Each winding has two ends and may be labeled 1 and 2.
• For example the A phase winding may be labeled A1 and A2

Primary Winding Secondary winding

A - A‘ = A1 – A2 a - a‘ = a1 – a2
B - B‘ = B1 – B2 b - b‘ = b1 – b2
C - C‘ = C1 – C2 c - c‘ = c1 – c2

A or A1 is the polarity end of the a or a1 is the polarity end of the

winding winding
 Phase Angle Displacement Between
Windings
•REMEMBER
• There is never any phase displacement or shift between two
windings

•REMEMBER
There MAY be a phase displacement or shift between the line
voltages of two transformers depending on how the windings are
connected
Winding Displacement Based on Connection
Type
Primary Secondary Displacement
Delta Wye 30°
Wye Delta 30°
Delta Delta None
Wye Wye None
 Phase Angle Displacement Between
Transformer Banks
• To connect two transformers for parallel operation each transformer’s
line voltages must be in phase with the other transformer
• Transformers operating in parallel may be in the same substation
connected to the same bus or in substations at different locations
• If the voltages are not in phase with one another a fault condition will
exist when the connection is attempted
 Delta - Wye Connection Displacement

•REMEMBER If one winding is connected ∆ and the other

winding connected Y there will always be a phase shift of 30 ⁰
between the line voltages
• Whether the shift is leading or lagging depends on how the ∆ is
closed
• If one transformer is leading and the other is lagging then the
associated phase voltages will have an angle of 60 ⁰ between them
 Wye – Wye Transformers
• Wye – Wye transformers will have no phase angle shift between the
voltages on the primary and secondary
• Trying to connect a Δ – Y transformer to a Y- Y transformer will result
in a 30 ⁰ shift between the voltages on the secondary and they will
not connect
 Standard Delta Connection

All Three Phase The Question Then

Transformers will Have The Becomes To which
Delta Closed As Shown Bushing Do We Connect
Below ? ? Our System Phases
?

H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3
 Closing The Delta On Single Phase Banks
We Can Close These Deltas Any Way We Wish But Will They
Connect to Other Transformers

C
B
A
primary
primary primary

secondary secondary secondary

a
b

n
 V A-B
C
B
A

V C-A V B-C

primary primary primary

V a-n

+ - + - + -

V c-n V b-n
secondary secondary secondary

n
Van – vbn + vba = 0
 V A-B
C
B
A

V C-A V B-C

primary primary primary

V a-n

+ - + - + -

V c-n V b-n
secondary secondary secondary

Van – vbn + vba = 0

a
Vba = -van+vbn
b

n
 From Our Windings we see that van – vbn + vba = 0
High Side Vector
Solving for Vba then vba = -van + vbn
V A-B

We Can Display The Equation Using Vectors & Find Vba

V ab

V C-A V B-C
Low Side Vectors

V a-n V a-n

We Can Move a Vector Anywhere

V ab
We Want To As Long As We Don’t
V ab Change The Length Or Direction
V c-n V b-n
V ba
V c-n -Van V ba
-Van

V b-n

We Can Display the Vector Addition Two ways With The same Result

Conclusion LS L-L Voltage Leads HS L-L voltage By 30 °

 V A-B
B A C

V C-A V B-C H1 H2 H3

V a-n

- + - + -
+
N
X1 X2 X3

V c-n V b-n
V a-n
b a c
V A-B
Van – vbn + vba = 0
V ab
V ab
Vba = -van+vbn
V c-n V b-n
V C-A V B-C
V ba
Conclusion V ab leads V AB by 30° -Van
 V A-C
B C A

V C-B V B-A H1 H2 H3

V a-n

- + - + -
+
N
X1 X2 X3

V c-n V b-n

b c a
V A-B
Van – vcn + vca = 0
V ac V a-n
Vca = -van+vcn
V C-A V B-C
Conclusion V ac lags V AC by 30° V ac

V c-n V b-n
V ca

-Van
 Specification: Phasing
Rotation H2
• Pick a fixed reference point X2

• Spin the circle such that the 30° LEADING SECONDARY

COUNTERCLOCKWISE b
H terminals pass the reference B
ROTATION C
point in the order 1-2-3 X3
a Reference Point
• CCW - Counterclockwise Rotation H2 X2
c
if the circle rotates CCW H1 H3
X3 A
• CW - Clockwise Rotation
if the circle rotates CW 30 X1
H1 H3 X1
Ref
Displacement
H1
• Pick a fixed reference point
H2
• Spin the circle according to it’s
H3
rotation from above
• Leading
If the X1 Terminal passes the S F S F S F
reference point before the H1
A B C
- Secondary leads the Primary
• Lagging S F S F S F

If the X1 Terminal passes the

reference point after the H1
- Secondary lags the Primary N
• Displacement Angle X3
X2
The angle between the H1 and
X1
• X1 terminal
 C
B A C B
A
primary
primary primary

H1 H2 H3

secondary secondary secondary

N a
X1 X2 X3
b
c

b a c n

B C A A
a C
c

H1 H2 H3
c a
B C B
N
A
X1 X2 X3

b b
b c a
Solve The Following Pairs of Transformers
A
B
C
CØ primary
BØ primary AØ primary

HV ________ LV By 30°
secondary secondary secondary

c
b
a
n

C A B

H1 H2 H3

HV ________ LV By 30°
N
X1 X2 X3

Can These Transformers

Be Paralleled ? b c a
Solve The Following Pairs of Transformers
A
B
C
primary
primary primary

HV ________ LV By 30°
secondary secondary secondary

c
b
a
n

A B C

H1 H2 H3

HV ________ LV By 30°

N
X1 X2 X3

Can These Transformers b c a

Be Paralleled ?
Solve The Following Pairs of Transformers
C
B
A
primary
primary primary

HV ________ LV By 30°
secondary secondary secondary

a
b
c
n

B C A

H1 H2 H3
HV ________ LV By 30°

N
X1 X2 X3

Can These Transformers

Be Paralleled ? b c a
Solve The Following Pairs of Transformers
C
B
A
primary
primary primary

HV ________ LV By 30°

secondary secondary secondary

a
b
c
n

C A B

HV ________ LV By 30° H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

Can These Transformers

Be Paralleled ? c a b
Solve The Following Pairs of Transformers
C
B
A
primary
primary primary

HV ________ LV By 30°

secondary secondary secondary

a
b
c
n

C A B

HV ________ LV By 30° H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

Can These Transformers

Be Paralleled ? c a b
Practice 1
A
C B A B
C
primary
primary primary

H1 H2 H3

AØ BØ
secondary
CØ
secondary secondary
N
X1 X2 X3 Fig. 2
n
a
c b a b
Fig. 1 c

B A C

H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

b a c
Fig. 3
Practice 1 Solution
A
C B A B
C
primary
primary primary

H1 H2 H3

AØ BØ
secondary
CØ
secondary secondary
N
X1 X2 X3 Fig. 2
n
a
c b a b
Fig. 1 c

V a-n
Solution
B A C
V A-B

V ab
V ab H1 H2 H3

V c-n V b-n
V C-A V B-C V ba
-Van N
X1 X2 X3

b a c
Fig. 3
Practice 2

A A
B B
C C
primary primary
primary primary primary primary

AØ BØ CØ AØ BØ
secondary
CØ
secondary secondary secondary secondary
secondary

Fig. 2 Fig. 2
n n
a a
b b
c c

A B C

H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

a b c
Fig. 3
Practice 2 Solution
A A
B B
C C
primary
primary primary primary
primary primary

AØ BØ CØ
secondary secondary secondary AØ BØ
secondary
CØ
secondary secondary
Fig.6 Fig. 7
n n
a a
b b
c c

V a-n

V A-C A B C
V ac

V ac H1 H2 H3
V c-n V b-n
V ca
V C-B V B-A
-Van N
X1 X2 X3

a b c
Fig. 8
Does HV Lead or Lag LV?

H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

Fig. 8
Does HV Lead or Lag LV?

H1 H2 H3

N
X1 X2 X3

Fig. 8

V x1-n
V H1-H3

V x1-x3
V x1-x2
V x1-x3

V x3-n V x2-n
V H2-H1 V x3-x1
V H3-H2
-V x1
 Lets Keep it Simple
• If a transformer bank is connect so that the polarity of the any
winding is connected to AØ and the non-polarity of the same winding
is connected to CØ then the HS L-L voltage leads the LS L-L voltage by
30°
• A-Cʹ then HS leads
• If a transformer bank is connect so that the polarity of the any
winding is connected to AØ and the non-polarity of the same winding
is connected to BØ then the HS L-L voltage lags the LS L-L voltage by
30°
• A-Bʹ then HS lags