SHAIKH MUHAMMAD SAIM

UNZILA SIDDIQUE
IMRAN HYDER CHANNA
SARWAT ZEHRA
 MOUNTAINS
 PLATEAUS
 PLAINS
 SALT RANGE
 COASTAL AREAS
• Mountains
• Mountain of Pakistan
• Northern Mountains
• Western Mountains
 A mountain is a large landform that
stretches above the surrounding land in a
limited area usually in the form of a peak.
 A mountain is generally steeper than a hill
 The study of mountains is called Orography.
 Northern Mountains  Western Mountains
Himalaya
Karakoram
KARAKORAMS
 At a Height of 6000m
 Black & gavel mass of
ice and rock
 Extension, Hunza to
Shyok River
 More than Sixty Peaks
 K-2 is also located in this
Range
 Baltaro, Batura &
Siachen Glaciers located
in this Range
HIMALAYAS
 Himalaya means “home of
snow” because the tallest
peaks of the Himalayas are
always capped with snow.
Location It is Asia
Himalayan Mountain
stretches from India, Nepal,
Bhutan, China, Afghanistan
& Pakistan.
 North east are the highest
mountains of the world
known as Himalayas.
 Length of Himalaya 2500
Km from east to west.
 North west border by the
mountain Hindu Kush and
north by the Karakoram.
 Average altitude 4000m.
• Safed Koh Range
• Waziristan Hills
• Sulaiman Range
• Kirthar Range
Safed Koh Range

 Kabul River forms

the boundary b/w
Northern
Mountains &
Safed Koh
Range Black &
gavel mass of ice
and rock
 Sikram is the
Highest Peak
4760m
Waziristan
Hills

 Located South of
Safed Koh
 Average Height is
1500-3000m
 Barrier b/w Pak &
Afghanistan
 Khyber Pass
(Peshawar to
Kabul)
 Kurram Pass
 Gomal Pass
 Tochi Pass
Sulaiman Range

 Height up to
3383m
 West of Indus
River
 Takhat-i-Sulaiman
3383m
 Separate
Baluchistan to
Indus River
 Limestone & Sand
Stone
Kirthar Range
 Height up to
2147m
 West of Indus
River in Sindh
 Drained by Layari
& Hub Rivers
 Border b/w Sindh
& Baluchistan
also known as High Plains or
Tablelands
Area of highland, usually consisting of relatively
flat terrain that is raised significantly above the
surrounding area often with sides with steep
slopes.
There are two main plateaus in Pakistan.
 Baluchistan Plateau

 Pothohar Plateau
 Location: south-west of
Pakistan
 Altitudes: varies from
600m to 3010m
 Area: 347,190 sq. km.
 Dominant Features:
a) Basins of northern
Baluchistan
b) Basins of western
Baluchistan
c) Mountain Ranges
d) Coastal Areas
 Zhob and Loralai basins are situated between
the Toba Kakar Range and Sulaiman Range.
 Quetta valley is in the south-west of Loralai
basin.
 Rain water collects into the depressions and
soaks into the ground.
 There is no rainfall even in winter. Area is
devoid of vegetation.
 The basin in this part have no outlet to the sea.
When the rain does happens, temporary lakes
are formed. The biggest one of these is Hamun-
i-Mashkel which is in the Kharan Desert.
 Altitudes of mountain peaks ranges from 600m to
3010m.
 Highly mineralized including copper, gold and
sulphur deposits.
 Few of these are:
1. Ras Koh
2. Hala Range
3. Makran Coast Range
4. Central Brahuio Range
5. Toba Kakar Range
6. Siahan Range
 EASTERN PART WESTERN PART
comprises the Lasbela is known as the Makran
Plain which is marked Coast where it
by gravel and sand projects into the sea
dunes. forms a narrow
coastal plain.
 Location: South of
Islamabad, between
Rivers Indus and
Jhelum
 Height: Varies from
300m to 600m above
sea level
 Kala Chitta and Khairi
Murat rise over 1000m
 Soan River is the most
dominant feature
• The word “plain” means flat surface or levelled surface.
• As Pakistan Geography comprises of many physical features so “plains”
is also one of them.
• The major part of our country consists of fertile alluvial plain that is
drained by the “River Indus” and its tributaries.
• The plains are great and major source of irrigation and cropping too.
• The plains of Pakistan are divided into
the following categories:
1. Indus Plain
2. Deosai Plain
3. Indus delta and Coastal Area
• The word Indus is derived from “Sanskrit” word “Sindhu” which means “ocean”.
• All major rivers of Pakistan flows into indus.
• This river originating from northern slopes of Kailash Range in Tibet (china) passing
through Himalaya and enters in Pakistan territory near Gilgit.
• In upper regions a number of streams joins it but to at later stage, many of some of its
Western and Eastern tributaries make it more huge and vast in volume.
• Eastern Tributaries includes Ravi, Bias, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum.
• Western tributaries includes rivers Swat, Panjkora, Kabul, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal, Bolan,
kunar.
• River Indus Basin is a large and very fertile plain formed by Indus river.
• This area has a 5000 years old civilization with agriculture as the main source of income.
• The Indus plain is further divided into two plains:
a) Upper Indus Plain
b) Lower Indus Plain
• It is a region from Attock to Mithankot i.e. most of areas of the Punjab.
• The upper Indus plain has a height from 180m to 300m (600 to 1000 ft.).
• The north-eastern part is almost higher, most of the plain area has existed
by the alluvial soil.
• Near Sargodha, Chiniot and Sangal some old dry hiss appear above the
plain i.e. known as “kinara hills”.
• The land that lies between two rivers is knows as “DOAB”, thus the plain
area of Punjabis divided into following doabs:
i. Bari Doab
ii. Rachna Doab
iii. The Chaj Doab
iv. The Sindh Sagar Doab
• Thal desert lies on the west of River Jhelum which used to be an arid area,
but due to intense irrigation by the canals coming from the Jinnah Barrage
this desert produce lots of crops. This desert is known as “Cholistan
Desert” in Bahawalpur.
• The Mithankot is known as the Junction of Indus river and its eastern
tributaries.
• Beyond Mithankot River Indus flows alone and carries not only its own
water, but also that of its Eastern and Western tributaries.
• In flood season it becomes several miles wide.
• The Indus River flows very slowly because `silt` carried by it is largely
deposited on its bed.
• The soil is very fertile and where ever proper supply of water is available
crops is grown.
• The Thar desert is however infertile due to lack of water and is located in the
east of this plain.
• Near Thatta the Indus becomes closer to Arabian Sea where almost 55600
acre of swampy delta is formed, this delta then divided into several branches
and falls into Arabian Sea.
• The seaport of Karachi is located on the west of this delta and salt marshes of
Rann of Kutch lies on the east.
• The meaning of word `Deosai` is “Land of Giants”.
• This plain is located on the boundary of Karakoram and Western Himalayas and comprises
an area of 3000 sq.km.
• It is about 30km from Skardu.
• The plain is accessible from Skardu and Astore Valley .
• In summer this plains turns into a paradise like place, with millions of flowers and lot of
greenery and the background of snow capped mountains.
• This place has a unique biodiversity. Trekkers come to this area from within and outside
Pakistan.
• Spring comes little late but once it comes it come with full bloom.
• Thousands of tourists rush to visit Deosai in summers with spectacular views of great
Karakaram Mountain on north.
• This area with an endless and unspoiled natural beauty attracts thousand of tourists.
• People who love adventure and trekking will find this a heavenly place.
• The Indus Delta begins near Thatta (Sindh) and the river Indus by distributing it into a
number of branches joins with water of Arabian Sea.
• The total coastal area of Pakistan is about 1100km and is located in province of Sindh and
Balochistan.
• The longest one is in Balochistan which is 770km long.
• The coastal area starts from the border between Sindh, Pakistan and India and ends with
the border between Pakistan and Iran.
• Geographically it connects Pakistan with neighbouring countries and has great
importance for trade.
• In Sindh coastal area Karachi is the most important part because of its sea port, it is
located between Saddar and Kiamari and close to various industrial areas.
• In coastal areas of Balochistan Gawadar has the most important place. It is deep sea port
with warm water at the entrance of Persian Gulf and around 460 km from Karachi city.
• About 47miles away from the eastern border between Paksitan and Iran.
• This port has a potential of becoming the hub of trading activities between Pakistan and
Central Asia.
SALT RANGES OF PAKISTAN
 Salt Range, series of hills and low mountains
between the valleys of the Indus and Jhelum rivers,
located in the northern part of the Punjab region of
Pakistan.
 It derives its name from extensive deposits of
rock salt that form one of the richest salt fields in the
world; they are of Precambrian age and range up to
more than 1,600 feet (490 m) in thickness.
 The range is approximately 186 miles (300 km) long
from east to west, and its width, in the central and
eastern parts, is from 5 to 19 miles.
 Its average height is 2,200 feet, and its highest
altitude, at Sakesar mountain, is 4,992 feet (1,522 m).
 In addition to the salt deposits, mined from ancient
times, the Salt Range contains coal,
gypsum,limestone and other minerals.
 The Khewra Salt Mine (or Mayo Salt Mine) is located
in Khewra, north of Pind Dadan Khan, an administrative
subdivision of Jhelum District, Punjab Region, Pakistan, which
rises from the Indo- Gangetic Plain.
 It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine[ and the world's
second largest.[ It is a major tourist attraction, drawing up to
250,000 visitors a yearKhewra Salt Mine is situated in Pind
Dadan Khan Tehsil of Jhelum District.
 Located about 200 km (125 miles) from Islamabad and Lahore,
it is accessed via the M2 motorway, about 30 kilometers (20
miles) off the Lilla interchange while going towards Pind Dadan
Khan on the Lilla road.
 The mine is in mountains that are part of a salt range, a
mineral-rich mountain system extending about 200 km from
the Jhelum river south of Pothohar Plateau to where the
Jhelum river joins the Indus river.
 Khewra mine is about 288 meters (945 feet) above sea
level and about 730 meters (2400 feet) into the mountain from
the mine entrance. The underground mine covers an area of
110 km2 (43 sq. miles)..
 Estimates of the total reserves of salt in the mines range from 82 million tons[to
600 million tons.

 In raw form it contains negligible amounts of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium,

Sulfates and moisture, with Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Chromium and
Lead as trace elements.

 Salt from Khewra, also known as Himalayan salt, is red, pink, off-white or
transparent.

 In the early years of British rule, the Khewra mine produced about 28,000 to
30,000 tons per annum; it increased to about 187,400 tons per annum for the
five fiscal years ending 1946–7 and to 136,824 tons for the two years ending
1949–50 with the systematic working introduced by Dr H. Warth.The mine's
output was reported in 2003 to be 385,000 tons of salt per annum, which
amounts to almost half of Pakistan's total production of rock salt.At that rate of
output, the tunnel would be expected to last for another 350 years.
 Himalayan salt is Pakistan's best known rock salt.It
is used for cooking, as bath salt, as brine and as a
raw material for many industries, including a soda
ash plant set up by AkzoNobel in 1940.
 Salt from Khewra mine is also used to make
decorative items like lamps, vases, ashtrays and
statues,which are exported to the United States,
India and many European countries.
 The use of rock salt to make artistic and decorative
items started during the Mughal era, when many
craftsman made tableware and decorations from
it. Warth introduced the use of a lathe to cut out
art pieces from the rock salt, as he found it similar
to gypsum in physical characteristics.
 Khewra Salt Mine is a major tourist attraction, with around 250,000 visitors a
year,earning it considerable revenue.

• Visitors are taken into the mine on a train.

• There are numerous pools of salty water inside.

• The Badshahi Mosque was built in the mining tunnels with multi-colored salt bricks
about fifty years ago.Other artistic carvings in the mine include a replica of Minar-e-
Pakistan, a statue of Allama Iqbal, an accumulation of crystals that form the name
of Muhammad in Urdu script, a model of the Great Wall of China and another of the
Mall Road of Murree.

• In 2003 two phases of development of tourist facilities and attractions were carried out,
at a total cost of 9 million rupees. A clinical ward with 20 beds was established in 2007,
costing 10 million rupees,[for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases
using salt therapy.The "Visit Pakistan Year 2007" event included a train safari visit of
Khewra Salt Mine.In February 2011 Pakistan railways started operating special trains for
tourists from Lahore and Rawalpindi to Khewra. For this purpose the railway station of
Khewra was refurbished with the help of a private firm.

• Other visitor attractions in the mine include the 75-meter-high (245 feet) Assembly
Hall; Pul-Saraat, a salt bridge with no pillars over a 25-meters-deep (80-foot-deeprine
pond; Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), where salt crystals are light pink; and a cafe.
COASTAL RANGES OF PAKISTAN
 PAKISTAN COASTAL RANGES
COASTAL RANGES OF SINDH

COASTAL RANGES OF
BALOACHISTAN

The Sindh Coast

Can be divided into two areas:
The Indus Delta/ Creek System and the Karachi City coast.

-Coastline consists of mudflats, delta wetlands, estuary systems, and the

continental shelf.

-Located on the Arabian Sea Coastline

-Acts as the Main Seaport and Financial center of the country

-Home to the Port of Karachi and the Port of Bin Qasim, which are the
region's busiest ports.

-Not only do those ports handle the trade for Pakistan, but also for
Afghanistan and the landlocked asian countries
THE RIVER INDUS
The Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's
largest and busiest deep-water seaports,
handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25
million tons per annum) located
in Karachi, Pakistan.
 It is located between the Karachi towns
of Kiamari and saddar.
 Can be subdivided between the Lasbela and Gwadar
-Different features include the raised beaches, sand dunes, playas,
and pediments.
Lasbela

-Coastal District of Balochistan

-Main river is the Porali
-Rivers Phor and Hingol flow through before exiting into the
Arabian Sea
Karachi
Indus River Delta
Gwadar

-Created as a free trade port city.

-located on the southwestern Arabian Sea coastline
-Designated as the winter capitol of the Balochistan Province
-Population of approximately 85,000
KUND MALIR BEACH BALUCHISTAN GAWADAR ,BALUCHISTAN

The Hungol valley has fantastic scenery of towering cliffs,

pinnacles and buttresses, the river winding between.
Some 350 miles in length
Pakistan's Coast is about 1046km long along the Arabian sea and
the Gulf of Oman in the South
The maritime zone of Pakistan extends about 350 nautical miles
from the coastline
The coastal zone is within the control of the Sindh and Balochistan
provinces for up to 12 nautical miles.
Mixed semidiurnal type meaning there are two high tides and two
low tides
 French Beach, Karachi
 Indus River Delta
 Gadani Beach, Lasbela
 Gwadar Port ARE
Home of the Mangrove Forests Which act as:
-Act as the main vegetation around the coastal
regions
-Help sustain a variety of fish, shrimps, and crab.
-Wetland Wildlife:
Migratory Birds: Mainly Water fowl
Aquatic Life: The green turtle and Olive Ridley
turtles.