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    Laboratory Results: Reports Interpretation Diagnostics

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    Ferry OpilOp
    This document discusses diagnostic methods for analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil, namely the IEEE C57.104-1991 method. It measures common gases like hydrogen, oxygen, and methane. IEEE C57.104-1991 classifies transformer condition based on individual gas levels and a total dissolved combustible gas measurement. It provides guidance on inspection frequency and operating procedures based on gas levels and trends over time. The method can also help identify the probable fault type based on dominant gases present.

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    Laboratory Results: Reports Interpretation Diagnostics

    Uploaded by

    Ferry OpilOp
    62 views21 pages
    This document discusses diagnostic methods for analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil, namely the IEEE C57.104-1991 method. It measures common gases like hydrogen, oxygen, and methane. IEEE C57.104-1991 classifies transformer condition based on individual gas levels and a total dissolved combustible gas measurement. It provides guidance on inspection frequency and operating procedures based on gas levels and trends over time. The method can also help identify the probable fault type based on dominant gases present.

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    IEEE Interpretation

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    This document discusses diagnostic methods for analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil, namely the IEEE C57.104-1991 method. It measures common gases like hydrogen, oxygen, and methane. IEEE C57.104-1991 classifies transformer condition based on individual gas levels and a total dissolved combustible gas measurement. It provides guidance on inspection frequency and operating procedures based on gas levels and trends over time. The method can also help identify the probable fault type based on dominant gases present.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    62 views21 pages

    Laboratory Results: Reports Interpretation Diagnostics

    Uploaded by

    Ferry OpilOp
    This document discusses diagnostic methods for analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil, namely the IEEE C57.104-1991 method. It measures common gases like hydrogen, oxygen, and methane. IEEE C57.104-1991 classifies transformer condition based on individual gas levels and a total dissolved combustible gas measurement. It provides guidance on inspection frequency and operating procedures based on gas levels and trends over time. The method can also help identify the probable fault type based on dominant gases present.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Laboratory results

    Reports
    Interpretation
    Diagnostics
    The most commonly measured Gases are:
    O2 (Oxygen)
    N2 (Nitrogen)
    H2 (Hydrogen)
    CO (Carbon Monoxide)
    CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
    CH4 (Methane)
    C2H6 (Ethane)
    C2H4 (Ethylene)
    C2H2 (Acetylene)
    A high degree of success has been
    achieved in the area of determining a
    link between:

    • Ratios of common fault gas concentration and


    specific fault types;
    • Evolution of fault gases and the nature and
    severity of the transformer fault.
    Review of the most commonly used
    gas-in-oil diagnostic methods:

    • IEEE C57.104 - 1991


    • Doernenburg
    • Rogers
    • CEI 599
    • Duval
    • GE
    IEEE C57.104-1991
    • Introduced in 1978
    • Probably the most widely used dissolved gas
    interpretation method in North America
    • Developed by the IEEE society
    • Covers
    – determination of a fault severity
    – its nature
    • also offers suggestions regarding the follow-up
    action to be taken.
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • Calculate the total of dissolved combustible gases


    (TDCG):
    TDCG = H2 + CO + CH4
    +C2H6 + C2H4 + C2H2
    • Classify the condition of the transformer according
    to the limits for
    – Each gas
    – Total of combustible gases.
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • Evaluate the rate of increase of combustible


    gases in ppm/day.
    • Determine what actions should be taken
    according to
    – Level of combustible gases
    – Rates of increase.
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • The method defines 4 possible transformer conditions:


    TDCG Condition
    • < 720 ppm: Operating satisfactorily
    • 721 to 1920 ppm: Fault(s) may be present
    • 1921 to 4630 ppm: Fault(s) are probably
    present
    • > 4630 ppm: Continued operation
    could result in failure
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • These conditions are also determined according


    to individual gas levels.
    • If any one of the gases exceeds a given level, the
    transformer is classified accordingly
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • Individual gas level limits (in ppm):


    Gas 1 2 3 4
    • H2 < 100 101 - 700 701- 1800 > 1800
    • CH4 < 120 121 - 400 401 - 1000 > 1000
    • C2H2 < 35 36 - 50 51 - 80 > 80
    • C2H4 < 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 > 200
    • C2H6 < 65 66 - 100 101 - 150 > 150
    • CO < 350 351 - 570 571 - 1400 > 1400
    • CO2 < 2500 2500 - 4000 4001 - 10000 > 10000
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • After the condition level has been determined, the


    frequency of DGA analysis is determined
    according to the rate of rise of the TDCG.
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    Trend Conditions
    (ppm/day) 1 2 3 4
    • < 10 Annual Quarterly Monthly Weekly

    • 10 -30 Quarterly Monthly Weekly Daily

    • > 30 Monthly Monthly Weekly Daily


    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • Using the same table, the suggested transformer


    operation procedure is determined.
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    Condition 1
    Trend Suggested Operating
    (ppm/day) Procedure

    • < 30 Normal operation


    • > 30 Exercise caution, Determine
    load dependence
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    Condition 2
    Trend Suggested Operating
    (ppm/day) Procedure

    • All Exercise caution,


    Determine load
    dependence
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    Condition 3
    Trend Suggested Operating
    (ppm/day) Procedure

    • All Exercise extreme


    caution, Plan outage,
    Advise manufacturer
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    Condition 4
    Trend Suggested Operating
    (ppm/day) Procedure
    • < 10 Exercise extreme caution,
    Plan outage, Advise manufacturer
    • > 10 Consider removal from service,
    Advise manufacturer
    IEEE C57.104-1991

    • The IEEE method determines the probable nature


    of a fault according to the dominant gases
    • Partial discharge: H2
    • Thermal fault in the paper: CO
    • Arc: H2 & C2H2
    • Thermal fault in the oil: C2H4
    One factor that will drive the development
    and refinement of these methods, especially
    with regard to the interpretation of the rate
    of rise of dissolved gases, is the greater use
    of on-line gas-in-oil monitoring on
    transformers and other oil filled electrical
    equipment.
    The whole procedure of oil sampling, gas
    extraction, chromatographic determination
    and data interpretation should be
    performed yearly by most transformer
    owners on their larger transformers.
    Most electric utilities use dissolved
    gas analysis (DGA) extensively.

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