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    Time and Motion Study: Rebecca Johnston Operations Management Dr. Foster

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    Anushree Bhattacharya
    Time and motion studies aim to determine the most efficient way to perform tasks. [1] Frederick Taylor pioneered time studies to establish fair work standards, while Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined motion studies. [2] Today, time and motion studies are used to set performance benchmarks, predict outputs, and uncover inefficiencies. [3] The process involves breaking jobs into elements, observing tasks, computing average times, and establishing standard times that account for allowances. [3] However, studies may face problems if observers lack skills, workers do not cooperate, or actions observed are not representative.

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    Time and Motion Study: Rebecca Johnston Operations Management Dr. Foster

    Uploaded by

    Anushree Bhattacharya
    117 views18 pages
    Time and motion studies aim to determine the most efficient way to perform tasks. [1] Frederick Taylor pioneered time studies to establish fair work standards, while Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined motion studies. [2] Today, time and motion studies are used to set performance benchmarks, predict outputs, and uncover inefficiencies. [3] The process involves breaking jobs into elements, observing tasks, computing average times, and establishing standard times that account for allowances. [3] However, studies may face problems if observers lack skills, workers do not cooperate, or actions observed are not representative.

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    Time and Motion Study

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    Time and Motion Study

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    Time and motion studies aim to determine the most efficient way to perform tasks. [1] Frederick Taylor pioneered time studies to establish fair work standards, while Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined motion studies. [2] Today, time and motion studies are used to set performance benchmarks, predict outputs, and uncover inefficiencies. [3] The process involves breaking jobs into elements, observing tasks, computing average times, and establishing standard times that account for allowances. [3] However, studies may face problems if observers lack skills, workers do not cooperate, or actions observed are not representative.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    117 views18 pages

    Time and Motion Study: Rebecca Johnston Operations Management Dr. Foster

    Uploaded by

    Anushree Bhattacharya
    Time and motion studies aim to determine the most efficient way to perform tasks. [1] Frederick Taylor pioneered time studies to establish fair work standards, while Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined motion studies. [2] Today, time and motion studies are used to set performance benchmarks, predict outputs, and uncover inefficiencies. [3] The process involves breaking jobs into elements, observing tasks, computing average times, and establishing standard times that account for allowances. [3] However, studies may face problems if observers lack skills, workers do not cooperate, or actions observed are not representative.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Time and Motion Study

    Rebecca Johnston
    Operations Management
    Dr. Foster

    1
    Time and Motion Study:
    Defined

     A method created to determine the


    ‘correct time’ it takes to complete a
    certain task
     A method to establish ‘the one best
    way to perform a task’

    2
    Time and Motion Study:
    Purposes

     To end ‘goofing off’ and to establish


    what constituted a fair days work
     To make sure that the job being
    evaluated does not include any
    unnecessary motion by the worker

    3
    Time and Motion Study:
    History
     Frederick W. Taylor and his followers
    developed and refined the Time Study
     Frank B. Gilbreth and his wife Lillian
    developed and refined the Motion
    Study
     Historically the two studies are
    discussed individually, today they
    generally are discussed as one
    4
    Time and Motion Study:
    In your Organization

    Historically: T&M
    Studies were used in
    the manufacturing
    industry to evolve pay
    scales with the
    thought that money
    was the only
    motivation for work
    5
    Time and Motion Study:
    In your Organization cont’d
     Today:
    – T&M Studies can be effective for
    performance evaluations
    – T&M Studies can be used for planning
    purposes in order to predict the level of
    output that may be achieved
    – T&M Studies can be used to uncover
    problems and create solutions
    – T&M Studies can be used for time cost
    analysis
    6
    Time and Motion Study:
    Objective

    The objective of the Time and Motion Study is


    to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a
    job, by using observers to record exactly how
    much time is being devoted to each task.
    7
    How it Works Step-by-Step

    1. Establish the
    standard job
    method.
    2. Break down the
    job into elements
    3. Study the job.
    4. Rate the worker’s
    performance
    8
    How it Works Step-by-Step cont’d

    5. Compute the average time


    6. Compute the normal time
    Nt=(t)(RF) or
    Normal Time=(elemental average time)
    (rating factor)
    7. Compute the standard time
    ST=(Nt)(1+AF) or
    Standard Time=(Normal cycle
    time)(1+Allowance factor)
    9
    Time and Motion Study:
    In Action
    How do medical residents
    spend their time at the
    hospital?

    10
    In Action cont’d

    1. Coders/observers training was the


    2. Activities were broken down into
    separate categories, 67 in total
    3. The exact number of minutes per task
    were determined
    4. Percentages of time devoted to each
    task were calculated
    11
    In Action cont’d

     A total of 13,383 minutes of activities


    were observed between the 8
    residents
     Residents were involved in 1,726
    coded activities
     These activities averaged 7.75 minutes
    each with a standard deviation of 14.5
    minutes
    12
    Time and Motion Study:
    Exercise
    Element t (min) RF  Compute the
    standard time
    1 2.51 1.10 for this job using
    an allowance
    2 5.29 1.15 factor of 20
    percent.
    3 4.21 1.10

    4 3.57 1.05

    13
    Solution

    Use the formula Element T(min) RF t Nt


    1 2.51 1.10 .251 .2761
    (t)(RF)=Nt
    2 5.29 1.15 .529 .6084
    Element 1 3 4.21 1.10 .421 .4631
    4 3.57 1.05 .357 .3749
    (.251)(1.10)=.2761
    Element 2 To get the normal cycle time
    (.529)(1.15)=.6084 you sum the Nt values. Here
    And so on for = 1.73 min
    element 3 and 4
    14
    Solution

    To compute the standard time use the


    20 percent allowance factor
    Nt(1+AF)=ST
    Here
    1.73(1+.20)=2.08
    So the standard time for each element
    of this job is 2.08 minutes
    15
    Time and Motion Study:
    Problems
    1. Observers are not
    always competent
    2. Those conducting the
    study are not always
    proficient in the job
    being observed
    3. The actions observed
    are not always
    reflective of the group
    as a whole 16
    Time and Motion Study:
    Problems cont’d

    Workers may not cooperate with a time and motion study:


    1. They may resent the study if it is being used to
    determine the pay scale
    2. Workers may change the rate at which they work
    3. Pressure may increase mistakes made
    4. Workers may alter normal work methods to disrupt 17the
    study
    References

    Ferguson, David S., Don’t Call it “time and motion study”, IIT
    Solutions, Norcross. May 1997. Vol. 29, Issue 5.
    Finkler, Steven A., A Comparison of work-sampling and time-and-
    motion techniques for studies in health services research,
    Health Service Research, Chicago. Dec 1993. Vol. 28, Issue 5.
    Koehler, Kenneth G., Time Cost Analysis, CMA, Hamilton. May
    1992. Vol. 66, Issue 4.
    Russell, Roberta; Taylor, Bernard W., Operations Management,
    Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000.
    Stevens, Larry, Time Study Prompts New HR Efficiencies,
    Personnel Journal, Santa Monica. April 1994. Vol. 73, Issue 4.
    Stuttaford, Genevieve, The One Best Way: Fredrick Winslow
    Taylor & the Enigma of Efficiency, Publishers Weekly, New
    York. March 17, 1997. Vol. 224, Issue 11.

    18

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