Evidence & Crime Scene Investigation

The goal of crime scene investigation is to

recognize, document, and collect evidence
at the scene of a crime. Solving the crime
will depend on piecing together the
evidence to form a picture of what
happened at the crime scene.
 Dr. Edmond Locard:
Every criminal can be
connected to a crime
by small particles
carried from the scene.

• Whenever 2 objects come in contact with one

another, a cross-transfer of physical evidence can
occur.
• The intensity, duration, and nature of the materials
in contact determine the extent of the transfer.
 Evidence
• Direct evidence- first hand
observations (eyewitness
account, videos, confessions)
 Eyewitness Accounts
• Eyewitness Accounts by Victims or
Witnesses
• Eyewitness accounts vary considerably from
person to person
• Eyewitness accounts can be unreliable and have
led to the imprisonment of many wrongfully
convicted suspects
» INNOCENCE PROJECT – Project with aim to free
wrongfully convicted
• 87% of all wrongful convictions were a result
of flawed eyewitness testimony
What Effects our Observations?

Our Brains do not pay attention to all information

around us.
Perception- interpreting information received from
our senses
Perception is skewed by our emotions, state of
mind, and prior experiences or knowledge
Short term memory – lasts only a short period of
time
A few minutes to 24 hrs
 Evidence

• Circumstantial evidence- indirect evidence

that can be used to imply a fact but does not
directly prove it. Example: finding a suspect’s gun
at a crime scene is circumstantial
evidence that the suspect was there.
Types of circumstantial evidence:
a) Physical evidence: synthetic fibers,
weapons, bullets, shell casings, paint chips,
documents, imprints and prints (shoes,
tires, etc.), tool marks, soil, drugs, etc.

b) Biological evidence: body or body parts, body

fluids, hair, leaves or other plant parts, natural
fibers, feathers, wood

c) Trace evidence: Small but measurable amounts of

physical or biological material found at a crime
scene. Examples: strand of hair, fingerprint, DNA,
drop of blood, pollen, gunshot residue
The more circumstantial evidence
there is, the greater weight it
carries. (Probability and Statistics)
Evidence can also be divided into:
Class evidence: narrows evidence to a group of
persons or things
can be used to exclude some suspects

i.Example: Blood Type- can be A, B, AB, O.

Finding one type at a crime scene narrows
down the suspects to a smaller group.
Individual evidence: narrows evidence down to a
single person or thing.
i.Example: Fingerprints, handwriting,
DNA, and sometimes physical matches.

Class evidence may become more individualized. For example:

blue jeans. We may be able to narrow them down by brand,
material, size, color, etc. If warn, they might have rips or stains
to help individualize them.
 Determine the 3 types of
evidence for this example:
 Importance of Evidence
i. Can prove a
crime has been
committed and
set the scene
for the
investigation.

ii. Can back up witness testimony or prove it false.

iii. Can link a suspect with a victim or with a crime
scene.
ii. Can determine the identity of people associated
with a crime.
ii. Allows investigators to reconstruct a crime.
Which examples do you think
could be individual evidence?
The Crime Scene Investigation Team:
• First Police Officer on the scene
• Backup Police and possibly a district attorney
• Medics
• Investigator/Detective
• Medical Examiner
• Photographer and/or
Field Evidence Technician
• Lab Experts
Seven S’s of Crime Scene Investigation:

1.Secure the scene

2.Separate the witnesses
3.Scan the scene
4.See the scene
5.Sketch the scene
6.Search for evidence
7.Secure and collect
evidence
 Securing the Scene:
The first responding police officer must make sure
the scene is secure by first making sure all
individuals in the area are safe and second by
preserving evidence.

1. Obtain medical
assistance if needed
2. Arrest suspects
3. Isolate the area
4. Request additional
needs for investigations
Separating the Witnesses:
Witnesses must not be allowed to talk to one
another. This prevents them from working
together to create a story (collusion).
The Innocence Project.org
• Created in 1992, the goal was to reexamine
post-conviction cases.
• When evaluating eye witness testimony, the
investigator must discriminate between fact and
opinion. What did the witness actually see?
 Scan the Scene:
i. Forensic examiners scan
the scene to see where
photos should be taken.
The primary and
secondary crime scenes
must be determined.

1. The primary crime

scene is where a crime
actually occurred.
2. A secondary crime
scene is in some way
related to the crime but
is not where the actual
crime took place.
 See the Scene:
i. A crime scene examiner looks at the scene. The
Photography Unit takes photos of the overall area and
close up photos with and without a measuring ruler.
 Sketching the Scene:
1. North should be labeled and a scale of distance should be
included
2. All important objects (weapon and body) should be measured
from two immovable landmarks
3. Any other objects in the vicinity of the crime should be included
in the sketch (ex. Doors, windows, furniture, trees, vehicles, etc.)
4. Also include: Date, time, location, case number, and names
(Sketched by and Verified by)
 Search for Evidence:
Spiral: Grid:

Linear: Quadrant or Zone:

Securing and Collecting the Evidence:
i. All evidence must be properly packaged, sealed and labeled
using specific techniques and procedures.
ii. Packaging Evidence
1. Metal or plastic forceps may have to be used
to pick up small items.
1. Plastic pill bottles with lids are preferred
containers for hairs, glass, fibers, and other
kinds of trace evidence.
1. Liquids and arson remains are stored in
airtight, unbreakable containers.
Druggist’s Fold for Evidence:
Most biological evidence is stored in breathable containers so the
evidence can dry out, reducing the chances of mold contamination. After
the evidence has air dried, it is packaged into a paper bindle (or
druggist’s fold) then placed in a paper or plastic container.
Evidence Log & Chain of Custody

• Each person who

comes in contact with
a piece of evidence
must use proper
procedure and
protocol in order to
maintain responsible
handling of evidence
from crime scene to
courtroom in order
for the evidence to be
admissible in court.
 Control Samples:
Control samples should also be taken from the victim
for purposes of exclusion (blood, hair, etc.)

Standard/Reference Sample- Physical evidence

whose origin is known, such as blood or hair
from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-
scene evidence.
 Analyze the Evidence:
a. A forensic lab processes all evidence the crime
scene investigation team collected.
b. Forensic lab technicians are specialized and
process one type of evidence, unlike CSI TV
shows where they may process many.
 Crime Scene Reconstruction:
Crime scene reconstruction allows the detectives to form a
hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was
committed through its commission.
 Legal Considerations:
a. Any removal of evidence from a crime
scene must be in accordance with the
Fourth Amendment.

“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,

and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”
A warrantless search can be conducted:
• under emergency circumstances (danger to life or
limb)
• if there is immediate danger of the loss or
destruction of evidence
• if there is probable cause — the search of a person
and their immediate property in conjunction with
a lawful arrest
• with the consent of the
involved parties