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    Lecture3 Nutrition

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    fatinnurnaiemah
    Animal nutrition requires six classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients provide energy for bodily functions, growth, and reproduction. A balanced diet must meet the animal's maintenance needs and provide sufficient energy to prevent issues like slowed growth, reduced fertility, and increased disease susceptibility. Carbohydrates and lipids are the primary energy sources, while proteins, vitamins, and minerals perform important structural and metabolic roles throughout the body. Proper nutrition is essential for health, productivity, and overall welfare of agricultural animals.

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    Lecture3 Nutrition

    Uploaded by

    fatinnurnaiemah
    35 views28 pages
    Animal nutrition requires six classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients provide energy for bodily functions, growth, and reproduction. A balanced diet must meet the animal's maintenance needs and provide sufficient energy to prevent issues like slowed growth, reduced fertility, and increased disease susceptibility. Carbohydrates and lipids are the primary energy sources, while proteins, vitamins, and minerals perform important structural and metabolic roles throughout the body. Proper nutrition is essential for health, productivity, and overall welfare of agricultural animals.

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    ternakan

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    Animal nutrition requires six classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients provide energy for bodily functions, growth, and reproduction. A balanced diet must meet the animal's maintenance needs and provide sufficient energy to prevent issues like slowed growth, reduced fertility, and increased disease susceptibility. Carbohydrates and lipids are the primary energy sources, while proteins, vitamins, and minerals perform important structural and metabolic roles throughout the body. Proper nutrition is essential for health, productivity, and overall welfare of agricultural animals.

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    35 views28 pages

    Lecture3 Nutrition

    Uploaded by

    fatinnurnaiemah
    Animal nutrition requires six classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients provide energy for bodily functions, growth, and reproduction. A balanced diet must meet the animal's maintenance needs and provide sufficient energy to prevent issues like slowed growth, reduced fertility, and increased disease susceptibility. Carbohydrates and lipids are the primary energy sources, while proteins, vitamins, and minerals perform important structural and metabolic roles throughout the body. Proper nutrition is essential for health, productivity, and overall welfare of agricultural animals.

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    Animal Nutrition

    Need for Nourishment


    •body processes require the use of
    energy
    •obtained from ingested food or
    stored fat
    •animal must have food to store
    energy in fat cells
    Need for Nourishment
    maintenance ration must be met
    first
    wild animals eat a variety of foods
    to obtain proper nutrients
    agricultural animals depend on the
    producer to provide balanced a
    ration
    The six classes of Nutrients
    Water
    Protein
    Carbohydrates
    Fats or lipids
    Vitamins
    Minerals
    Metabolism
    •all the chemical and physical
    processes that take place in the
    body
    • anabolism - metabolism that builds tissue
    • catabolism - metabolism that breaks down
    materials
    Classification of energy

    •Gross energy
    •Digestible energy
    •Metabolisable energy
    •Net energy
    Net Energy System

    Metabolisable energy

    Urinary &
    Gaseous energy Heat

    Digestible energy

    Fecal energy Net energy

    Gross energy
    Functions of energy

    • Maintenance of life in animals


    • Maintains basal metabolism
    • Beating of the heart, maintenance of blood pressure, transmission of
    nerve impulses, breathing and work of other internal organs
    Energy Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates and lipids are the major sources of energy in livestock


    • Carbohydrates are the most important because they are readily
    available, easily digested & lower in cost.
    • Proteins are seldom fed for their energy content because of the
    higher cost of this source.
    Effects of energy deficiency

    • Slow growth of young


    • Delay in the onset of puberty
    • Decrease milk yield in lactating female
    • Shortened lactation period
    • Loss in body weight
    • Reproductive problem – reduced fertility & delayed estrus
    Effects of energy deficiency
    • Reduction in wool quantity and quality
    • Higher mortality rate
    • Lowered resistance to disease
    • Weakness, poor condition and unthrifty appearance
    • Hypoglycemia
    • Loss of the subcutaneous fat
    • Reduction level of calcium , sodium and other minerals.
    Water
    The most vital nutrient
    Body can loss nearly all fat and over half of its
    protein and live
    10 – 15% loss of water will result in death
    Body water distribution
    Total body water content is inversely related to
    body fat content
    Water content of lean body tissues is relatively at
    70 -75%
    30 – 40% of total body water is extracellular fluid
    60 -70% of total body water is in intracellular fluid
    Properties and functions of
    water
     Solvent and ionizing powers
     Ideal for dispersal of organic and inorganic molecules
     Facilitation of cell reactions
     Facilitates digestion, transportation and excretion of other nutrients
    and metabolites
     Intimate involvement in many biochemical reactions
     Reactant
     Product
     High specific heat
     Absorbs metabolic heat
     Helps regulate body temperature
     Surface tension
     Reduces evaporation for liquid – air interfaces
     Influences pulmonary function
    Carbohydrates
    Furnish energy for body functions, growth and
    reproduction
    The largest part of the animal food supply and
    usually the fibrous part of the diet
    Excess is stored as fat
    Component of Carbohydrate
    Crude Fibre (Cellulose)
    Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) –glucose, starch
    Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

    Simple Complex
    (monosaccharides) (disaccharides)
    Sugars and Starches Cellulose and lignin
    Refers as nitrogen free Called Fibre
    extract (NFE)
    Easy to digest More difficult to digest
    Found in cereal grains Found mostly in
    (corn, rice, etc) roughages (grass,
    hay)
    Protein
     most expensive nutrient
     composed of amino acids, the building blocks for tissue
    development and muscle production
    Examples of protein source
    Meat and Bone Meal
    Fish Meal
    Soybean meal
    Biological functions of proteins
     Principal organic chemical constituents of body
     Enormous functional diversity
     Cell membrane structure and function
     Enzymes
     Hormones and other chemical messengers
     Immune factors (antibodies)
     Fluid balance
     Acid-base balance
     Transport
     Source of energy and glucose
    Structural and mechanical functions
    of Protein
    • Collagen
    • Bone and skin
    • Keratin
    • Hair and nail
    • Motor proteins
    • Make muscles work
    Protein Sources
    Animal
    slaughterhouse by products
    dried fish meal
    Plant
    superior to animal sources
    cottonseed meal
    soybean meal, linseed meal
    peanut meal, corn meal
    Lipids (Fats and Oils)
    • Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much
    energy as carbohydrates do
    • Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds
    • found in every cell in the body
    • Affect the condition of skin and hair
    • provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs and insulate the
    body
    Fats
    essential fatty acids:
    necessary for production of
    some hormones and
    hormone like substances
    most important sources are
    the grains that contain oil
    Minerals
    • Primarily found in bones and teeth
    • Provide material for growth of bones, teeth, tissue regulate
    chemical processes, aid in muscular activities, and release energy
    for body heat
    • Two type – Major and trace minerals
    Minerals

    Major Minerals Trace Minerals


    Calcium (Ca) Selenium (Se)
    Sodium (Na) Copper (Cu)
    Potash (K) Ferum (Fe)
    Magnesium (Mg) Zinc (Zn)
    Sulphur (S) Cobalt (Co)
    Phosphorus (P) Floride (F)
    Iodine (I)
    Manganese (Mn)
    Molybdenum (Mo)
    Minerals
    •usually added to feed in their
    chemical form
    •often fed free choice (ad libitum)
    •mineral ox or trough
    •salt block
    Vitamins
    considered micronutrients – required in
    small amounts
    essential for metabolism (development of
    normal body processes)
    NOT normally synthesized by the body
    Two types
    Fat soluble – A, D, E, K
    Water soluble – B, C
    Vitamins
    health
    growth
    production
    Reproduction
    provides animal with ability to
    fight stress, disease, and to
    maintain good health
    Digestion
    nutrients are converted to a
    form that the cells can use
    nutrients are transported by
    digestive system

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