 Formation of engine exhaust emission

 Smoke and particulates

 Emission control method
 Measurement of emission methods
 Smoke and particulates measurement
 Indian driving cycles and emission norms
Exhaust Emissions are produced by cars, buses,
and motorcycles.

Four basic types of exhaust emissions

1.Hydrocarbons (HC)
2.Carbon monoxides (CO)
3.Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
4.Particulates
5.smoke
1.Hydrocarbons (HC)
 Resulting from the release of unburned fuel into the
atmosphere.
 Hydrocarbon emissions result from the presence of
unburned fuel in the engine exhaust.

 Hydrocarbon formation in SI engine

1.Flame quenching at the combustion chamber walls, leaving

a layer of unburned fuel air mixture adjacent to the walls.

2.Crevices in the combustion chamber walls, small volumes

with narrow entrances, which are filled with the unburned
mixture during compression and remains unburned after flame
passages ,since the flame cannot propagates into the
crevices.
 3.themain crevices regions are space
between the piston, the piston rings and the
cylinder walls.

 4.theother crevices region like threads

around the sparkplug, space around the plug
centre electrode, crevices around the intake
and exhaust valve heads, and the gasket
crevice.
 Hydrocarbon formation in cI engine

 The engine operates with an over all fuel-lean equivalence

ratio, therefore emit only about one fifth of the hydrocarbon
emissions of an SI engine.

 The diesel fuel contains components of higher molecular

weights on average than these in gasoline fuel, resulting in
higher boiling and condensing temperature.this causes
some hydrocarbon particles to condense on the surface of
the solid carbon soot generated during combustion.
A small amount of liquid fuel is aften
entrapped on the tip of the injector nozzle
even when injector stops. This small volume
of fuel is called sac volume .

 Thissac volume of liquid fuel is surrounded

by a fuel rich environment and therefore it
evaporates very slowly causing hydrocarbon
emissions in the exhaust.
 CI ENGINE also have hydrocarbon emission
for some of the same reasons as SI Engines do
e.g flame quenching ,crevices volume, oil
film and deposits on the cylinder wall and
misfiring.
 flame quenching A heat loss from
the flame to the walls is responsible for this
phenomenon
 Human effect
 Effect could be eye, throat, and lung irritation, and,
possibly cancer.
•Extremely toxic emission resulting from the release of partially
burned fuel (incomplete combustion of petroleum-based fuel).

•A rich air-fuel would increase CO; lean air-fuel mixture would lower
CO emissions

Formation of co

-for rich fuel mixture co concentration high for increasing

equivalence ratio.
For lean fuel mixture co is low

So engine operate close to stoichiometric at part load and operate

Fuel rich full load. Under this conditions co emissions are
significant.
 CI engines operate well on the lean side of
stoichiometric and therefore produce very
little co emissions.

 CO prevents human blood cells from carrying oxygen

to body tissue.

 Symptoms are headaches, affects eye vision .

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
•NOx includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)

• In SI engines the dominant component of NOx is NO

• Forms as a result of dissociation of molecular

nitrogen and oxygen.

• Since the activation energy of the critical

elementary reaction O+N2→NO+N is high the
reaction rate is very temperature dependent.

• Therefore NO is only formed at high temperatures

and the reaction rate is relatively slow.

• At temperatures below 2000K the reaction rate is

extremely slow, so NO formation not important.
 engine
exhaust smoke is the result of
incomplete combustion.

 IT
SI GENERATED at any volume in the engine
where mixture is high.

 The fuel air ratio greater than 1.5 and at

pressure developed in diesel engine produce
size of carbon particles which have darkening
effect in diesel engine exhaust.
 Burningof lubrication oil droplets in the
combustion chamber.
 Worn out piston and piston rings

 Unburnt or partially burned fuel

 Water leakage in the combustion chamber
 Engine is warmed up and is accelerating at
high speed more times
 Smoke meters are used to measure the
intensity of exhaust smoke by uisng the
following

 Hartridge smoke meter

 Bosch smoke meter

Hartridge smoke meter
 The measurement of exhaust emissions is
very important for the control of air
pollution from IC Engines.
 This
device is based on the law of Beer
lambert ‘s
 The main components of an NDIR sensor are
an infrared source (lamp), a sample chamber
or light tube, a light filter and an infrared
detector.
 The IR light is directed through the sample
chamber towards the detector.
 In parallel there is another chamber with an
enclosed reference gas, typically nitrogen.
 The gas in the sample chamber
causes absorption of specific wavelengths
according to the Beer–Lambert law, and the
these wavelengths is measured by the
detector to determine the gas concentration.
 The infrared radiation source consists of
heated wire which is placed in a quartz tube
mounted in the source block.

 Ithas two cells sample cells and reference

cells.
 Sample cells filled with exhaust sample gas .
 Reference cells filled with air and does not
absorb infraded radiation wavelength.
 The two detector cells filled with equal
amount of gas which is separated by flexible
diaphragm
 The radiation wavelength pass through the
cells and absorbtion by sample cells in mean
time no absorbtion energy by reference cells
 After passing the gas through the sample
cells heat the gas in the corresponding
chamber detecter cells and more pressure
developed one cells of the detecter cells
than other cells of the detector.
 This pressure differential causes the
diaphram to move and vary the capacitance
and sets up ac signal.
 This ac signal is amplified and rectified to dc
signal which is measured by meter or
recorder.

 This meter display concentration of co or co2

present in the exhaust sample.

 Variation of capacitance by shutter unblocks
or blocks the radiation.
 The shutter blocks the radiation ,the
pressure in the two detecter cells are same.

 Theshutter unblocks the radiation ,the

pressure diffrence in the two detector cells
causes variation in the capacitance and sets
up ac signal.
 IONIZATION:
 Processin which an atom or molecule
acquires a positive charge (by losing
electrons) or negative charge (by gaining
electrons).
 Theflame ionisation detector (FID) is the
automotive emissions industry standard
method of measuring hydrocarbon (HC)
concentration.

 The sample gas is introduced into a hydrogen

flame inside the FID. Any hydrocarbons in the
sample will produce ions when they are
burnt. Ions are detected using a metal
collector which is biased with a high DC
voltage..
.
 The current across this collector is thus
proportional to the rate of ionisation which
in turn depends upon the concentration of
HC in the sample gas
Principle-
 the flame ionization detector is mainly used
to measure the unburned hydrocarbon
concentration in the exhaust gases.

 The pure hydrogen air flames produce very

little ionization, but is a few hydrocarbons
molecules are introduced the flames produce
a large amount of ionization.
 The ionization proportional to the number of
carbon atoms present in the hydrocarbon
molecules.
 Itsconsist of burner assembly with capillary
tube.
 Ignitor
 Ion collector
 Electric circuitry
 The hydrogen or mixture of hydrogen and
nitrogen enters one leg of the capillary tube
and sample enters another leg.

 The mixture of hydrogen,nitrogen and

hydrocarbon flows up the capillary tube and
is ignited by hot wire at the top of the
burner assembly.
 The electrostatic field is produced in the
vicinity of the flame by an electric polarizing
battery.

 Thiscause the electrons to go to the burner

jet and positive ions go to the collector and
the flow of electrons to the burner complete
the electric circuit.

 Thedc signal produced and amplified the

signal is then recorded on a meter.
 The dc signal produced is proportional to
number of ions formed and number of ions is
proportional to the number of carbon atoms
in the flame.
A chemi-luminescence detector (CLD) is the
industry standard method of measuring nitric
oxide (NO) concentration.
 Thereaction between NO and O3 (ozone)
emits light. This reaction is the basis for the
CLD in which the photons produced are
detected by a photo multiplier tube (PMT).
The CLD output voltage is proportional to NO
concentration.
 Theexhaust from diesel and petrol engine
consists of solid carbon soot particles.

 Soot-a deep black powdery or The fine black

particles.
 Soot particulates appear as clusters of solid
carbon spheres. These spheres have diameters
from 15 to 30nm (nanometer)
 The particulates from si engines are lead,
organic particulates including soot and
sulphates.
 Generally gasoline may contain some sulphur,
which is oxidized within cylinder to form so2.
 This soot particulates are low in gasoline
engine and particularly moderate in the
direct injection systems.
 Soot emissions can result from combustion of
overly rich mixtures.
 The exhaust from diesel engine consists of
solid carbon particles that are generated
from fuel rich zones during combustion due
to incomplete combustion of fuel.

 The 25 % of the soot particulates occur from

lubricating oil this oil present in the fuel.

 Sothe maximum particulates emission occur

when the engine is under load,at this
condition maximum amount of fuel is
injected to abtain maximum power from the
engine.
 Itresults in a rich mixture and poor fuel
economy.

 At temperature above 500 ◦C the Soot

particulates appear as clusters of solid
carbon spheres. These spheres have
diameters from 15 to 30nm (nanometer).
 At the temperature below 500 ◦C during
expansion the soot particulates coated with
HC
 The dilution tunnel is used to measure the
amount of particulate present in the exhaust
gas from the diesel engines.

 In the dilution tunnel, the exhaust gases are

diluted with ambient air to a temperature of
52 ◦C or less.
 The particulate are filter after dilution
because the particulates gets condensed over
the filter at this temperature.
 Diesel engine particulate emission are
reduced by using the trap oxidizer .
 The objective of trap oxidizer filter the
particulates by oxidize or burn.

 Types of trap oxidizer filter

 Ceramic monoliths
 Alumina coated wire mesh
 Ceramic fibre mat
 Ceramic foam
 The fuel is injected over the compressed air
which makes it completely heterogeneous
mixture leading to incomplete combustion.
This attributes to the formation of
particulate matter and soot high in diesel
engine.
 But in case of gasoline engine the mixture is
either partially or completely homogeneous
and the combustion propagates in the forma
of flames from the tip of the spark plug to
entire combustion chamber volume so very
little soot occurs in case of gasoline engine