Presentation

on
Pile
Foundation

Special
Reference to
Tolly-Garia
Extension
 What is Foundation ?
The part of a structure which is in direct contact
with soil and transmits loads into it
In…… IS 6403-1981
addition, foundation also serves some other
functions, such as:
1. Prevent settlement (including differential
settlement) of a structure
2. Prevent possible movement of structure due to
periodic shrinkage and swelling of sub-soil
3. Allow building over water or water-logged ground
4. Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind
5. Resist lateral forces due to soil movement
6. Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures
 Choice of Foundation
The performance or choices of foundation
depends on a number of factors, these include:
1. Nature of sub-soil

2. Materials used for the foundation

3. Economical consideration of using a right kind of

foundation
4. Layout of the structure such as building/floor plan,
positioning, loads, etc.
5. Condition of the site (location and sufficient work
space)
 Classification of
Foundation
Foundations in general may be classified as

1. Shallow foundations
2.ADeep foundations
foundation whose width is greater than its depth.
The shearing resistance of the soil in the sides of
the foundation is generally neglected
…… IS 6403-1981
 Examples of different
classes of Foundation
1. Shallow foundations

 Column footing also called Pad foundation

 Wall footing also called Strip foundation
 Raft or mat foundation
 Combined footing

2. Deep foundations

 Pile foundation
 Caissons or Well foundation
Isolated Strip
Footing Foundation
 Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is a form of foundation using piles to
transfer the loads of a structure down to a firm soil
stratum with sufficient load-taking capacity
With respect to the manner in which they transfer
their load, piles may be divided into three categories
(Terzaghi) –
1. Compaction Pile: These are friction piles in coarse
grained very permeable soil.

2. Floating Pile: These are friction piles in very fine

grained soils of low permeability.

3. End bearing Pile: These piles transfer their load

onto a firm stratum located at a considerable depth
below the base of the structure
 Pile
Depending upon Materials
the materials usedthe piles are
classified as:
1. Timber Piles: Length may go up to 18m and
diameter at butt end may vary from 30-40cm.
Maximum load carrying capacity 25MT.

2. Steel Piles: Steel piles are usually rolled H-piles or

circular piles. The optimum load range on steel piles
is 40-120 MT
3. RCC Piles: These can be cast-in-situ or pre-cast
piles. Their load carrying capacity is generally
between 100-150MT
4. Pre-stressed Concrete Piles: These are pre-cast
piles. Their load carrying capacity may go up to
200MT
5. Composite Piles: These can be composite of
concrete & timber or concrete & steel.
 Pre-cast Concrete
H-Pile
Pile
 Types of Concrete Piles
1. Driven cast-in-situ concrete pile … IS 2911 (Part
I/Sec 1)
2. Bored cast-in-situ concrete pile … IS 2911 (Part
I/Sec
The 2)pile
pile formed
formedconcrete
within
within thethe ground
ground … by by2911
excavating
driving
3. Driven pre-cast pile IS (Parta
or boring
casing ofa pile
uniform
within it,diameter,
with or without permanent
the use or of
I/Sec 3)
4. Atemporary,
a pile
Bored constructed
temporary
pre-castand
casing inand
concrete
subsequently
concrete (Reinforced
subsequently
pile filling… inISfilling
the orit(Part
2911hole Pre-
with
so
stressed)
plain
formed
I/Sec 4) or within aplain
reinforcedcasting yard When
concrete.
or reinforced and concrete.
subsequently
the casingFor is
A
leftpile
driven
displacing constructed
in thesubsoil
permanently,
the groundinthe
it is reinforced
when
termed
casingas it concrete
has attained
is cased
installed pile in
with anda
a
casting
sufficient
whenorthe
plug ayard
shoe and
strength.
casing subsequently
at the
is bottom end.lowered
taken out, When
it is termedinto
the pre-
casing as
bored
left holes
uncased
is pile.and space
permanently, grouted.
it is termed as cased pile and
In installing
when the casing
a bored is pile
takenthe out,
sidesitofisthe termed
borehole as
(when it does
uncased pile. not stand by itself) is required to be
stabilized with the aid of a temporary casing or
with the aid of drilling mud of suitable consistency.
For marine situations such piles are formed with
 Advantages & Disadvantages
of various types of Concrete
Piles
1. Driven pre-cast concrete pile
Advantages:
 Can be pre-cast to required specification

 Due to advance casting progress of work is rapid

 In granular soil bearing capacity increases due to

compaction during driving

 Supervision required at site is minimum

 Advantageous when ground water is under
pressure
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
Driven pre-cast concrete pile
Disadvantages
:
 More reinforcement for handling stresses

 Advance planning is required

 Requires heavy equipment for handling & driving

 As per site requirement cutting / adding pile length

is required which increases the project cost
 Not suitable for soils of poor drainage
 Foundations of adjacent structures may get
affected due to vibration during driving
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
2. Bored pre-cast concrete pile
Advantages:
 All advantages of driven pre-cast piles
 No heaving of the ground
 Reduction in noise level
 Reduction in vibration
 Length of the piles can be easily varied at the site
 It is possible to install very long piles with large
diameter
 Enlarged ends up to three times the pile dia is
possible in clays resulting in substantial increase in
bearing capacity
 Construction process enables inspection of
excavated soil & comparison with exploration data
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
Bored pre-cast concrete pile
Disadvantages
:

 All disadvantages of driven pre-cast piles

 Installation of piles causes softening of
surrounding earth resulting in reduction of bearing
capacity
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
3. Bored cast-in-situ concrete pile
Advantages:
Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground
conditions
 Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if
necessary sampled or in-situ test made
 Can be installed in very large diameters and long
lengths
 End enlargement up to two or three diameters are
possible in clays
 Material of piles is not dependent on handling or
driving conditions
 Can be installed with out appreciable noise or
vibrations
 No risk of ground heave
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
Bored cast-in-situ concrete pile
Disadvantages
:
Susceptible to "waisting" or necking" in squeezing
ground
 Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and
cannot be subsequently inspected
 Water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft
washing out cement
 Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesionless
materials without special techniques
 Cannot be readily extended above ground level
especially in river and marine structures
 Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils
requiring base grouting to achieve economical base
 Adv / Disadv of Concrete Piles
4. Driven cast-in-situ concrete pile

Advantages:
It has advantages of both the driven and cast-in-situ
piles

Disadvantage
s:
It has disadvantages of both the driven and cast-in-
situ piles
 Pile Foundation
The design, performance and options of pile
foundation depends on several factors, such as:
 Depth of sound sub-soil
 Constituents and nature of sub-soil
 Physical environment of site (e.g. accessibility,
space or headroom for the operation of
equipment)
Speed of work
Loading condition of pile (compression/tension
pile)
Efficacy of using a right kind of pile (e.g.
whether use lesser piles in larger diameter
instead of more small-diameter piles)
 Skin friction & End bearing

PILE CAP

PILE
SUPPORT BY
SKIN FRICTION

Bed Rock or Firm

SUPPORT BY Soil Stratum
END BEARING
ON FIRM BASE
 Classification of Pile
Foundation
Pile foundation can be classified into:

1. End bearing pile or Friction pile (or of

combined nature)
2. Piles formed by manual or mechanical
methods
3. Percussion piles (driven by hammer) or Non-
percussion piles (formed by auguring, boring or
drilling)
4. Displacement or replacement piles
 Load carrying capacity of a single
Static Formula
Pile
(i) Piles in Granular soils
Qu = Qp + Qf = qpu Ap + fs As
= Ap (½ D ϒ Nϒ + PD
Nq ) +

(ii) Piles in Cohesive soils

Qu = Qp + Qf = Ap Nc Cp + α C As

Dynamic Formula
 1.96m; Silty clay with
vegetation, N=6 Piles in Tolly – Garia
0.95m; Soft clayey silt
Project of Metro
A Railway
c
t
27.23m; Loose to
u
medium dense/dense, As per Static Formula the
silty fine sand, N=26 a
l Safe vertical capacity of
750mm dia Pile = 160MT
1.75m; Soft to moderately P
stiff silty clay with i
decomposed vegetation, N=5
l The Design Safe vertical
3.87m; Stiff/very e capacity of 750mm dia
stiff silty clay, N=20
Pile = 140MT
3.27m; Medium
dense/very dense
silty fine sand, N=42
5.40m; Stiff to very
stiff silty clay, N=28
1.95m; Very stiff to hard
clayey to sandy silt, N=39
 Negative skin friction on
Piles
Working
Load

(a) (b
)
Fill
D”
D’
Fill
Compressible D’”
Clay

Bearin
g
stratu
Lx m for Lx
B Piles B
Negative skin friction on pile groups in filled ground (a) Fill
overlying relatively
 Qgu
Load carrying capacity of a
Pile Group PILE CAP

(i) For Block failure of Piles

Qgu = Qp + Qf = c Nc Ag + Pg L c’
(ii) For individual failure of
Piles
Qgu = n Qu
 Pressure isobar of single pile & group of
Q piles
Q Q Q

Pressure bulb
of single pile
Highly
stressed zone Resultant pressure bulb
of piles in a group
 Group efficiency of
Efficiency of Pile group
Piles

Ultimate capacity of the Pile group

= Sum total of ultimate capacity of all
the Piles
Theoretically, η ≤
1
Group efficiency depends
upon:
1. Type of soil in which the piles are
embedded.
2. Method of installation of piles – driven or cast-in-
situ.
3. Spacing of piles.
 Spacing of Piles
For very hard stratum

Spacing ≥ 2.5 D, where D = Dia. of the Pile

For piles resting on the rock

Spacing = 2 D
For friction piles

Spacing ≥ 3 D
Pressure isobar of Friction pile & Bearing
Q Q Q
pile Q Q Q

Highly stressed zone

Friction Piles End Bearing Piles

 Factor of Safety
Factor of safety depends
upon
 Reliability of the value of ultimate load capacity
of a Pile
 The type of superstructure and the type of
loading
 Allowable total / differential settlement of the
structure
A minimum factor of safety on static formula
shall be 2.5
The final selection of factor of safety shall take into
consideration the load settlement characteristics of
the structure as whole at a given time
 Other Design Factors

Reinforcement of Piles:
 Minimum longitudinal reinforcement shall be 0.4 per
cent of the sectional area
 Minimum clear cover to all main reinforcement shall
not be less than 40mm

 Minimum clear distance between two adjacent main

reinforcement should normally be 100mm

 The minimum diameter of the links or spirals shall

be 6mm and the spacing of the links or spirals shall
be not less than 150mm
 Other Design Factors
Contd..
Pile Cap:
 Load dispersal angle of 45º from the column is
assumed
 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the
outermost pile in the group shall normally be 100-
150 mm
 The cap is generally cast over a 75mm thick
levelling course of concrete

 The clear cover of main reinforcement in the cap

slab shall not be less than 60mm

 The pile should project 50mm into the cap concrete

 Materials used
Cement:
 Conforming to IS:269, 455, 8841 & 6909
Ordinary
Portland
Rapid & Low heat
Supersulphated
hardening
slag portland
portland
cement
Steel:

 Conforming to IS:432, 1139, 786 & 226

Concret
e:
 Minimum grade M-20 and minimum cement
content should be 400 kg/cum
 Slump shall be 150-180mm for tremie concrete
 Workmanship
Control of Alignment:
 For vertical piles deviation ≤ 1.5%
 For raker piles deviation ≤ 4%

 For pile dia more than 600mm –

 Piles should not deviate more than 75mm or
D/10, whichever is more
 For single pile in a column –
 Positional tolerance should not be more than
50mm, for pile dia < 600mm
 Positional tolerance should not be more than
100mm, for pile dia > 600mm
 Workmanship
Contd..
Casing / Liner:
 A minimum length of 1m of temporary casing shall
be used
 For marine situations such piles may be formed with
permanent casing.

Bore Hole:
 When a bored pile is stabilized by drilling mud, the
bottom of the hole shall be cleaned carefully before
concreting
 The concreting operation should not be taken up
when the specific gravity of the bottom slurry is more
than 1.2
 The density of the bentonite solution should be
about 1.2
 pH value of the bentonite solution should be less
 Tremie Method of Concreting
Lifting
Rope

Tremie
Hopper
Floating
Plug
Tremie
Pipe

Pile Laitan
Casing ce

Stage Stage Stage Stage Stage

I II III IV V
Laitan
ce
Concre
te

Tremie
Method
Animation
 Workmanship Contd……

Tremie concreting at
Naktala
 Workmanship
Contd..

Tremie concreting at
Naktala
 Workmanship
Tremie method: Contd..
 Minimum cement content 400 kg/cum & Slump of
150mm
 For concreting under water a temporary casing
should be installed to the full depth or 2m into non-
collapsible stratum
 The hopper & tremie should be a closed system
embedded in the placed concrete
 The tremie should be large enough with due regard
to the size of the aggregate
 The first charge of concrete should be placed with a
sliding plug pushed down the tube ahead of it
 The tremie pipe should always penetrate well into
the concrete
 All tremie tubes should be scrupulously cleaned after
use
 Workmanship
Tremie method: Contd..
 Normally concreting of the piles should be
uninterrupted
 In exceptional case of interruption of concreting; but
which can be resumed within 1-2 hours:
 In exceptional case of interruption of concreting;
but which can be resumed within 1-2 hours, the
tremie shall not be taken out of the concrete.
 Instead it shall be raised and lowered slowly, from
time to time to prevent the concrete around the
tremie from setting.
 Concreting should be resumed by introducing a
little richer concrete with a slump of about 200mm
 If the concreting cannot be resumed before final
setting of concrete already placed, the pile so cast may
be rejected or accepted with modifications
 Workmanship
Tremie method: Contd..
 In case of withdrawal of tremie out of the concrete,
either accidentally or to remove a choke in the tremie,
the tremie may be reintroduced in the following
manner:
 The tremie shall be gently lowered on to the old
concrete with very little penetration initially
 A vermiculite plug should be introduced in the
tremie
 Fresh concrete of slump 150-175mm should be
filled in the tremie which will push the plug forward
and will emerge out of the of the tremie displacing
the laitance
 The tremie will be pushed further in steps making
fresh concrete sweep away laitance in its way
 When tremie is buried about by 60-100cm,
concreting may be resumed
 Workmanship
Tremie method: Contd..
 Concrete shall be cast to the piling platform level to
overflow of concrete for visual inspection or to a
minimum of 1m above cut-off level
Defective Pile:
 In case, defective piles are formed, they shall be
removed or left in place whichever is convenient.
Additional piles shall be provided to replace them as
directed
Other Points:
 During chipping of the pile top manual chipping may
be permitted after 3 days of pile casting and pneumatic
chipping after 7 days of pile casting
 After concreting actual quantity of concrete shall be
compared with the average obtained from observations
actually made in the case of a few piles initially cast
Video on Const. of Bored cast-in-situ
Pile (8 min)
 Testing of Piles
Two types of tests are recommended on constructed
piles:
1. Load tests
 Pile load test is the most direct method for
determining the safe loads on piles including its
structural capacity with respect to soil in which it is
installed
 It is considered more reliable on account of its being
in-situ test than the capacities computed by other
methods, such as static formula, dynamic formulae and
penetration test 4)
 IS:2911 (Part data
– 1985 provides guidelines for the
following types of load tests:
(a) Vertical load test
(compression)
(b) Lateral load test
(compression)
(c) Pull-out test
 Testing of Piles
2. Non-destructive integrity tests Contd..
(NDT)
 Integrity testing is relatively simple, quick and
enables number of piles to be examined in a single
working day information about continuity, defects such
 It provides
as cracks, necking, soil incursions, changes in cross
section and approximate pile lengths
 Final rejection of the pile should not be based on
integrity testing alone and may be confirmed by static
load tests and where possible examined by excavation
 IS:14893 – 2001 provides guidelines for the following
types of NDT tests:
(a) Low strain integrity or Sonic Integrity or Sonic
Echo Test
(b) Sonic Coring Test
(c) High strain integrity test
 Load testing of
Objectives
There are of
twoInitial
types Piles
Load
of Test
loadare as below
tests –
for each type of
loading:
1.Initial
Determination
Test of ultimate load capacity
2.Routine
To provide guidelines for setting up the limits of
Test
acceptance for routine test
 To study the effect of piling on adjacent
structures
 To have a check on calculated load by dynamic or
static approaches
Objectives of Routine Load Test are as below –
 One of the criteria to determine the safe load of
the pile
 Checking safe load and extent of safety for the
specific functional requirement of the pile at
working load
 Confirmation of the safe load capacity of a pile
subject to any unusual occurrence
 Load testing of Contd..
Frequency of Load Piles
Tests
 Initial Test: In case specific information about strata
and past guiding experience is not available, there
should be a minimum of two tests
 Routine Test: The number of tests may generally be
one-half percent of the total number of piles required
which may be increased up to 2% depending upon
nature, type of structure and strata condition
Procedure of Vertical Load
Test
1. Preparation of Pile Head: The pile head should be
chipped off till sound concrete is met. Projecting
reinforcement to be cut off and the top to be
finished smooth and level with POP
 Load testing of Contd..
Piles
2. Application of Load: A series of vertical downward
incremental load with each increment being about
20% of safe load should be applied
3. Reaction: Reaction may be obtained from
kentledge placed on a platform supported clear of
the test pile or from Anchor piles or from Rock
anchors. Reaction available should be 25% more
than the final test load proposed to be applied
4. Recording of Settlement: Settlement shall be
recorded with minimum 2 dial gauges of 0.01mm
sensitivity and held by datum bars resting on
immovable supports at a distance of 3D from edge
of the piles
5. Increment of Load: Load in each stage is
maintained till rate of displacement of the pile top is
either 0.1mm in first 30 minutes or 0.2mm in first
one hour or 2 hours whichever occurs first.
 Load testing of
Piles Contd..

6. Safe Load: It should be the least of the following –

 Two-thirds of the final load at which the total

displacement attains a value of 12mm

 50% of the final load at which the total

displacement equals 10% of pile diameter
 However, routine test shall be carried for a test
load of at least 1.5 times the working load; the
maximum settlement of test loading in position
being not exceeding 12mm
 Load Settlement
0 50
Plot150 200
100 250 300 350
Settlement (mm) 0 270 304
-5
-10
-15
12mm
Line
-20
Safe Load
-25
Capacity:
-30
Test Pile 1 –
-35 180MT
-40 Test Pile 2 –
202MT
Load (Ton)
Load Test 1 Load Test 2

Plot of Vertical Load Testing at Briji

Station
 Sand Bags

Test Beams

Steel Plate

Hydraulic
Jack

Dial Gauges
Test Plate

Reference
Beam

Test Pile
Ground Level

Schematic setup for applying loads to pile

using hydraulic jack acting against
weighted platform
 Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Vertical Load Testing at Garia Bazar –

Kentledge
 Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Vertical Load Testing at Garia Bazar – Jacking

arrangement
 Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Vertical Load Testing at Garia Bazar – Hydraulic

 Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Vertical Load Testing at Garia Bazar – Arrangement of Displacement

Gauges
 Load testing of
Piles
Procedure of Lateral Load
Contd..

Test
The procedure is more or less same to that of
vertical load test. However, the safe lateral load on
the pile should be the least of the following –
 50% of the final load at which the total
displacement attains a value of 12mm
 Final load at which the total displacement
corresponds to 5mm
 Load corresponding to any other specified
displacement as per performance requirements
Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Lateral Load Testing at

Naktala
Load testing of Contd..
Piles

Lateral Load Testing at

Naktala
 Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Pile The qualitative evaluation of the physical
Integrity:
dimensions, continuity of a pile and consistency of the
pile material
1. Low strain integrity or Sonic Integrity or Sonic
Echo Test Tablet
PC
 A small metal/rubber hammer is used to produce a
light tap on top of the pile.
Hamm
 The shock travelling down the length of the pile is
er
reflected back from the toe of the pile and recorded
through a suitable transducer / accelerometer held
on the top of the pile close to the point of impact

 If the pile has any imperfections or discontinuities

within its length these will set Accelerome
up secondary
reflections which will be added to the return signal
ter
PET
 Velocity Velocity
Hamme T= Hamme
r 2L/C r
Time Time

P
X X
IL
L E L

X C = Stress wave Velocity

X
Velocity Velocity
Hamme Time Hamme Time
r r

X X

L L

X X
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd..

PET testing in Tolly-Garia Project

Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......
Limitations of Low Strain Integrity or Sonic Echo Test
–
 Integrity evaluation of a pile section below a
crack that crosses the entire pile cross-sectional
area is not possible
 Piles with highly variable cross sections or
multiple discontinuities may be difficult to evaluate
Run Pile Test
 In some cases, it may be difficult to distinguish
the soil response from the pile response
 If the reflection from the pile toe is not evident in
the records, the integrity evaluation may not be
conclusive and may be limited to a certain
unknown depth. This limitation may apply to long
or highly variable piles or piles in soils that exhibit
relatively high friction
PET Video
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
2. Sonic Coring Test (CHUM) Contd......
 The system uses an ultrasonic wave sent from a
transmitter to a receiver pulled through water filled
access tubes embedded in the concrete.
 Both transmitter and receiver are connected by
cables to the CHUM which records the first arrival
time (FAT) and the energy attenuation as the probes
are simultaneously raised to the top
 As long as the FAT and the energy attenuation are
roughly constant, one may deduct that the concrete
quality is also uniform and the pile is therefore
acceptable
 If at some level there is a noticeable increase in the
FAT and/or in the energy attenuation, it means that
the concrete at this level is inferior or defective
 If a defect is found, the steel tubes may be pierced
at the corresponding depth and the pile repaired by
grouting
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......
Computer

Pulley

Probe with long cord

CHUM testing
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
5 Contd......
4 1. Concrete pile installed with
water-filled PVC/Steel pipes
2. Ultrasonic transmitter
3. Ultrasonic receiver
4. Depth encoders
5. Standard or rugged field
computer
6. A defect in the pile and its
2 6 3 presentation

CHUM testing arrangement

CHUM Test Animation
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......

CHUM testing in Tolly-Garia

Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......

CHUM test specimen

Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......

CHUM test specimen

Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd..
3. High strain integrity test or Dynamic
Load Test
 Dynamic Load Testing (DLT) is a quick method to
evaluate the bearing capacity of a pile for loads
similar to the design load
 It can be used for prefabricated piles, cast-in-place
concrete piles, steel piles and wooden piles
 DLT is considerably faster than static tests and at a
fraction of the cost
Conducting a Dynamic Load Test:
 Adequate time should be allowed for soil
stabilization before testing
 Sensors are connected to the pile near the pile head
to measure strain and acceleration
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......
 To apply a load, an impact ram or a heavy block
(drop hammer) is dropped onto the specially prepared
pile head
 The generated compression wave travels down the
pile and reflects from the pile toe upward
 This reflected wave contains information about the
shaft friction, toe resistance and pile defects signals
of which is measured, processed and automatically
stored by the PDA/DLT monitoring system
 DLT is most suitable for driven piles. For cast-in-situ
piles, it may be impossible to generate the required
loads, or the stresses can become too high, thus
damaging the pile
Non-destructive Integrity Testing of Piles
Contd......

PDA/DLT monitoring
system
Dynamic load testing in the
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Soil Mechanics in
THANK
Engineering Practice
by Terzaghi, Peck &
YOU
Mesri
2. Pile Design and
I will be
Construction Practice
by Mhappy to
J Tomlinson
answer
3. Piling any by
Engineering
Fleming, Weltman,
question
Randolph & Elson
4. Soil Mechanics by VNS
Murthy
5. Indian Standards
IS:2911
6. ASTM D-5882, D-6760
& E-1875
7. Code of Practice for