3G & 4G Technology

By

Arun John No: 7

Paulson J Edamana No:49

12/09/2021 Seminar on 1
 3G & 4G TECHNOLOGY

Presented By
Arun John No:7
Paulson J Edamana No:49

12/09/2021 2
 THE GENERATIONS
OF MOBILE
TECHNOLOGIES
12/09/2021 3
12/09/2021 4
First Generation

 Key Features
 Used analog systems
 Voice was the main traffic
 Analog radio signals are modulated above 150 MHz
 Used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Drawbacks
 Low capacity
 Unreliable Handoff
 Poor Voice Links
 Unsecure

12/09/2021 5
 1 G STANDARDS
 Advanced Mobile Phone System

 Nordic Mobile Telephone

 Total Access Communication System

 Radiocom 2000

12/09/2021 6
Second Generation
 Key Features
 Used digital radio signals

 Use Time Division Multiple Access

 Around 60% of current market share is dominated by 2G

12/09/2021 7
2G STANDARDS
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)

Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN)

Interim Standard 136 (IS 136) or Digital Advanced

Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS)

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

IS 95 (CDMAone)

12/09/2021 8
Advantages of 2G
Mobile Equipment is smaller than 1G

Less Power radiation

Safer to consumers

Battery life of 2G handsets are longer

Offers SMS and E-mail

12/09/2021 9
2G WIRELESS
Technology of most current digital mobile phones

 Key features
 Phone calls

 Voice mail

 Receive simple emails

 Speed : 10 kbps

 Time to download a 3 min mp3 song : 30-40 min

12/09/2021 10
2.5 GENERATION
Developed in between 2G and 3G

It is the normal 2G with GPRS or other services which are not

generally found in 2G or 1G
GPRS :Transmission rate 28 kbps or higher

2.5 G is capable of

 Web browsing

 Emailing

 Video streaming

 Multimedia Messaging etc

12/09/2021 11
2.5G WIRELESS
The best technology now widely available

 Key Features

 Phone calls/fax
 Voice mail
 Send/receive large emails
 Web browsings
 Navigation/maps
 Speed : 64 – 144 kbps
 Time to download 3 min mp3 song – 6 – 9 min
`
12/09/2021 12
 3G Technology

12/09/2021 13
Why 3G?
To meet growing demands in network capacity

To meet high speed data transfer

To include a number of additional services other than

that present in the previous generations.(eg.video

calling)

12/09/2021 14
3G
 Key Features

 Based on International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of

standards under IMT 2000

 Wide variety of services

 Services include

• Wide area wireless voice telephony

• Voice calls

• Broadband wireless data transfer

12/09/2021 15
3G WIRELESS
Combines mobile phone,laptop,tv
 Key Features
 Phone calls/fax
 Global roaming
 Send/receive large emails
 High speed web
 Video conferencing
 TV streaming
 Speed: 144 kbps – 2 Mpbs
 Time to download a 3 min mp3 song : 11 sec to 1.5 min

12/09/2021 16
12/09/2021 17
12/09/2021 18
3G STANDARDS
W-CDMA or UMTS

CDMA 2000

TD-CDMA / TD – SCDMA

Digital Enhanced Cordless Tele

communications (DECT)
12/09/2021 19
IMT 2000
 Term used by ITU for a set of globally harmonised
3G standards

12/09/2021 20
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Employs spread spectrum technology
A user will have the entire frequency spectrum
Each transmitter is assigned a code

12/09/2021 21
12/09/2021 22
W-CDMA
Air interface for UMTS

Developed by NTT Docomo Japan in 90’s

First commercial launch in 2001 as FOMA

Provides simultaneous support for a wide range of

services on a common 5 MHz carrier

Utilizes DS-CDMA channel access method and FDD

Duplexing method to get more speed

12/09/2021 23
CDMA 2000
A hybrid 2.5/3G technology of mobile communication
that use CDMA
Backward compatible with its 2G standard IS 95

12/09/2021 24
CDMA 2000 TECHNOLOGY
It includes a family of standards

CDMA 2000 1X

CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO

o CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO Rev 0

o CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO Rev A

o CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO Rev B

12/09/2021 25
CDMA 1X
Core CDMA 2000 air interface standard

It is in 2.5 G

Supports 153 kbps theoretical speed

Actual speed 60 – 100 kbps

12/09/2021 26
CDMA 1X EV-DO
Evolution Data Optimized

Typically for broadband standard

3G standard

Uses CDMA & TDMA to maximize individual user

throughput and overall system throughput

It is standardised by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

(3GPP2) as part of CDMA 2000 family of standards

12/09/2021 27
CDMA 2000 - Advantages
Superior voice clarity

High speed broadband data connectivity

Increased voice and data throughput capacity

Improved security and privacy

Lower total cost of ownership

12/09/2021 28
DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

Known as Digital European Cordless

Telecommunications untill 1995

Recognised by ITU as fulfilling the IMT 2000

requirements.Hence 3G

12/09/2021 29
3G SYSTEM CAPABILITIES
Support circuit and packet data at high bit rates

144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular)

traffic

384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic

2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic

12/09/2021 30
GROWTH OF 3G IN INDIA
India now has 362.3 mobile customers(Jan 2009)
Increase of 130 million in 1 year
Expected to have 737 million subscribers in 2012
Hence 3G has great scope in India

12/09/2021 31
3G SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA

12/09/2021 32
12/09/2021 33
CONCLUSION
Scope and possibility were not explored much in India,since

there was lagging in the implementation of the technology

It has been a revolutionary change in the communication sector

with the introduction of 3g

Thus 3G enables faster,reliable and user friendly

communication
12/09/2021 34
 `

12/09/2021 35
4 GENERATION TECHNOLOGY
TH

By

Arun John No:7

12/09/2021 36
REASONS FOR NEW SEARCH
Even though 3G has successfully been introduced to European

mobile users, there are some issues that are debated by 3G

providers and users.

 High input fees for the 3G service licenses

 Great differences in the licensing terms

 Current high debt of many telecommunication companies, making

it more of a challenge to build the necessary infrastructure for 3G

12/09/2021 37
REASONS contd…
 3G phones are expensive

 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future

high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion

video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network

technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of

magnitude
12/09/2021 38
Reasons contd..
 We need wider bandwidth 

 We need all digital packet network that utilizes IP in its fullest form with

converged voice and data capability

 There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and

interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability 

 Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes

that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure 

12/09/2021 39
So What is 4G?
Next generation of wireless networks that will replace

3G networks sometimes in future

Simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move

beyond the limitations and problems of 3G

12/09/2021 40
4G FEATURES
Faster and more reliable ,speed 100Mbps

Lower cost than previous generations

Multi standard wireless system

o Bluetooth,wired,wireless (802.11x)

Adhoc networking

IPv6 Core

OFDM used instead of CDMA

12/09/2021 41
Features contd..
Interoperability with existing wireless standards

High quality of service for next generation

multimediasupport (real time audio, high speed data,

HDTV videocontent, mobile TV, etc)

12/09/2021 42
Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer
 Fix access points(ie.cell tower) connected by
fiber,microwave,or satellite

• Ad-hoc/hotspot layer
 Wireless LANs

12/09/2021 43
 • Personal Layer Gateway
 Devices that connect to upper
layers;cellphone,fax,voice,data modem,PDAs

• Fiber optic wire layer

 High speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables
and repeaters

12/09/2021 44
Ad Hoc Networks
Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices
Not necessarily connected to internet
4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc
networks
Form of mesh networking;Very reliable

12/09/2021 45
Smart Antennas
Array of antenna in which radiation pattern changes
according to the signal strength
Aim is to maximise the gain in desired direction and
minimise the gain in direction of interfence
It works on DSP alogorithm

Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other

users without worry of interference

12/09/2021 46
Smart Antennas
Seamless handoff between towers/access points

Can’t keep up transmission speeds while device is

moving fast (i.e. in a car)
o Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs 100Mb/s)

12/09/2021 47
12/09/2021 48
Mobile IP V6
More addresses than current version of IP protocol
(Version 4) each device can have own IP
–Keep IP address even if you change access point
–Presently translate IP with each change because not
enough IP addresses to go around
•IP Core-everything can talk to each other if they
speak the same “language” (protocol)

12/09/2021 49
Mobile VoIP
“Voice Over Internet Protocol”
Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminating
complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit
All voice data will be wrapped up in a packet
o lower latency data transmission (faster transmission)
Samples voice between 8,000 & 64,000 times per
second and creates stream of bits which is then
compressed and put into a packet.
Increases battery life due to greater data compression

12/09/2021 50
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver

Allows for use of almost the entire frequency band

Currently used in WiMax(802.16) and Wi-Fi(802.11a/g)

12/09/2021 51
OFDM
As data rates go up and/or the channel delay increases
(wideband signal), ISI starts to occur. 

In 4G data rate is very high (100 Mbps),hence there is a

chance for ISI,for minimising ISI we use OFDM 

Normal FDM systems are not ideal for what we want

for wideband systems. Using FDM would waste too
much bandwidth

12/09/2021 52
OFDM
A single stream of data is split into parallel streams each
of which is coded and modulated on to a subcarrier
Thus the high bit rates seen before on a single carrier is
reduced to lower bit rates on the subcarrier
There by ISI will be reduced dramatically
In OFDM, subcarriers overlap. They are orthogonal
because the peak of one subcarrier occurs when other
subcarriers are at zero. This is achieved by realizing all
the subcarriers together using Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT). 

12/09/2021 53
HOW OFDM WORKS

Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of the sin wave
changes to represent a different bit.

12/09/2021 54
HOW OFDM WORKS

•Power spectral density of the previous wave

12/09/2021 55
HOW OFDM WORKS
The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not
interfere with each other (no cross talk)
Parallel Data Transmission
Allows for the sending of multiple signals
simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one
device
Each transmission has a different stream of bits

12/09/2021 56
12/09/2021 57
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA

The Indian Government has established the centre of

Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWT) in

collaboration with IIT Madras to work on 4G wireless

communication.

12/09/2021 58
In short 4G Characteristics
No circuit switching, since it is an IP core network
Distributed architecture,a decentralised network.
Improved spectral efficiency
Significantly Lower cost per bit than 3G
Higher data Bandwidth(>100Mbps)

12/09/2021 59
Conclusion
Infact ,4G can be best described as ‘MAGIC’ (a short

for ‘Mobile multimedia , Anytime anywhere,Global

mobility support,Integrated wireless solution and
Customised personal service.We can hope that 4G era
will be deployed early as possible and we can enjoy the
same.

12/09/2021 60
References
http://wimaxcomnet.blogspot.com/2008/03/overview
-of-ofdm.html
http://www.scribd.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
Electronics for you : July 2005

12/09/2021 61
12/09/2021 62
 
QUESTIONS ?
12/09/2021 63