Malaria: by Marinel M. Caylo
Malaria: by Marinel M. Caylo
Malaria: by Marinel M. Caylo
By Marinel M. Caylo
I. Infectious Agents
Malaria
- is a disease caused by infection with single-celled
parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The bite of the
Anopheles mosquito transmits these parasites from one
person to another.
Plasmodium Plasmodium
ovale malariae
The severity and characteristic manifestation
of the disease are governed by:
infection species
magnitude of the parasitemia
metabolic effects of the parasite
cytokines released as a result of the
infection
Life Cycle of the Malaria
Parasite
(A) Mosquito infected with the
malaria parasite bites human,
passing cells called sporozoites
into the human’s bloodstream.
(B) Sporozoites travel to the liver. Each
sporozoite undergoes asexual
reproduction, in which its nucleus
splits to form two new cells, called
merozoites.
(C) Merozoites enter the
bloodstream and infect red
blood cells.
D) In red blood cells, merozoites grow and divide
to produce more merozoites, eventually
causing the red blood cells to rupture. Some of
the newly released merozoites go on to infect
other red blood cells.
(E) Some merozoites develop into sex cells
known as male and female gametocytes.
(F) Another mosquito bites the infected
human, ingesting the gametocytes.
(G) In the mosquito’s stomach, the gametocytes
mature. Male and female gametocytes
undergo sexual reproduction, uniting to form
a zygote. The zygote multiplies to form
sporozoites, which travel to the mosquito’s
salivary glands.
(H) If this mosquito bites another
human, the cycle begins again.
II. Signs and Symptoms
Hepatomegaly Spleenomegaly
Malaise
Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment:
Early Diagnosis
1.Clinical Method is based on the signs and
symptoms of the patient and the history of
he/she having visited a malaria-endemic area.
2. Microscopic Method is based on the
examination of the blood smear of the patient
through a microscope.
Chemoprophylaxis
B. House Spraying
C. On Stream Seeding
D. On Stream Clearing
Recommended Anti-Malaria Drugs
Blood Schizonticides
-drugs acting on sexual blood stages of the parasites
which are responsible for clinical manifestations.
Planting of Neem tree or other herbal plants which are potential mosquito
repellent as advocated by the DOH /MCS- Malaria Control Service.
Zoo prophylaxis- the typing of domestic animals like the
carabao, cow, etc., near human dwellings to deviate mosquito
bites from man to these animals.
Early Recognition Prevention
and Control of Malaria
Epidemics
Early Recognition Prevention and Control of
Malaria Epidemics
-refer to the establishment of a system that will immediately
recognize an impending malaria epidemic.
Malaria Epidemic
-is a situation where there is an incidence of new malaria
cases in excess of the expected.
Small epidemics are usually called outbreaks.
Epidemic Potential
-is a situation where in an area is vulnerable to malaria
case upsurge due to causal factors such as climatic changes,
ecological changes or socio economic changes.
Prevention of the Epidemic
1. The following should be done in the event that an imminent epidemic occurs:
Mass Blood Smear MBS collection
Immediate confirmation and follow –up of cases
Insecticide-treatment of mosquito nets
Focal Spraying
Stream Clearing
Intensive IEC Campaign
2. All case should be given drug treatment and followed-up until clinically
and/or microscopically found negative.