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    WDM Concepts and Components

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    Dr Ravi Kumar A V
    Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths. Key advantages of WDM include increased network capacity, transparency to transmission formats, and wavelength routing. WDM systems employ an array of transmitters, each emitting light at a distinct peak wavelength. Optical amplifiers are used to regenerate degraded signals, while passive components like couplers combine or split optical powers to route signals in the network.

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    WDM Concepts and Components

    Uploaded by

    Dr Ravi Kumar A V
    6 views34 pages
    Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths. Key advantages of WDM include increased network capacity, transparency to transmission formats, and wavelength routing. WDM systems employ an array of transmitters, each emitting light at a distinct peak wavelength. Optical amplifiers are used to regenerate degraded signals, while passive components like couplers combine or split optical powers to route signals in the network.

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    Chapter 7

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    Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths. Key advantages of WDM include increased network capacity, transparency to transmission formats, and wavelength routing. WDM systems employ an array of transmitters, each emitting light at a distinct peak wavelength. Optical amplifiers are used to regenerate degraded signals, while passive components like couplers combine or split optical powers to route signals in the network.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    6 views34 pages

    WDM Concepts and Components

    Uploaded by

    Dr Ravi Kumar A V
    Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths. Key advantages of WDM include increased network capacity, transparency to transmission formats, and wavelength routing. WDM systems employ an array of transmitters, each emitting light at a distinct peak wavelength. Optical amplifiers are used to regenerate degraded signals, while passive components like couplers combine or split optical powers to route signals in the network.

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    CHAPTER 7

    WDM CONCEPTS AND


    COMPONENTS
    Evolution of fiber optic
    systems
    Operating range of 4 key components in
    the 3 different optical windows
    Wavelength Division Multiplexing
    • The technology of combining a number
    of wavelengths onto the same fiber is
    known as Wavelength Division
    Multiplexing
    Key system features of WDM
    • Capacity Upgrade—to upgrade the capacity of
    • existing point to point fiber optic transmission links
    • Transparency– Each optical channel can carry any
    • transmission format. Does not need a common signal
    • structure
    • Wavelength routing– works on light path concept ->
    • established on the physical connection using different
    • wavelengths
    • Wavelength switching– Allows reconfigurations of the
    • optical layer, Wavelength reuse
    Operational principles of WDM
    • An optical source has a narrow linewidth . So
    • optical transmission makes use of only a
    • narrow portion of the transmission bandwidth
    • capability of the fiber
    • The low loss windows provide many
    • additional operating regions
    • A number of light sources each emitting at a
    • different peak wavelength and sufficiently
    • spaced from its neighbour can be used
    TDM and WDM in fiber optic
    communications
    • Multiplexing is transmission of several signals
    over
    • the same channel
    • If there are 4 transmitters each transmitting at
    • 2.5GBits/second, then in TDM the fiber has to
    • carry a signal at a bit rate of 10 GBits/second
    • Thus TDM increases the bit rate of a transmitted
    • signal. If the number of channels are increased,
    • both the MUX and the DEMUX will have to
    • operate at a higher bit rate
    Wavelength Division
    Multiplexing
    • Several light beams at different wavelengths
    • can travel over the same optical fiber without
    • interference
    • TDM is analogous to increasing the speed of
    • moving down a highway
    • WDM is analogous to adding more lanes on
    • the same road.
    • TDM increases the transmission in series,
    • WDM uses parallel transmission
    TDM

    •Combines traffic from multiple inputs onto one


    common high capacity output
    •Allows high flexibility in managing traffic , fixed
    bandwidth
    •Requires electrical mux, demux function
    WDM
    • •Merges optical traffic onto one common
    fiber
    • •Allows high flexibility in expanding
    bandwidth
    • •Reduces expensive mux , demux function
    Wavelength Division
    Multiplexing
    • Discrete wavelengths form an orthogonal set
    • of carriers that can be separated , routed,
    • and switched without interfering with one
    • another
    • This holds as long as the optical intensity is
    • kept sufficiently low to prevent non linear
    • effects such as Brillouin scattering and four
    • wave mixing
    TDM and WDM
    • TDM and WDM supplement and
    • enhance each other
    • Each wavelength can carry several TDM
    • channels
    • TDM is restricted by the speed of the
    • electronic components and is limited to
    • 10 Gbits/s
    Types of WDM

    • Broadband WDM uses 1300 nm and 1550


    nm
    • wavelengths for duplex transmission
    • Narrowband WDM also called Dense
    WDM is
    • the multiplexing of 4, 8, … in the range of
    • 1530 nm to 1610 nm with a narrow
    • separation between wavelengths
    TDM

    • If TDM is employed, an add drop node


    • is required to extract the desired signal
    • from the main data stream. The main
    • data stream is at a higher bit rate while
    • the individual channel operates at a
    • much lower bit rate. So the main data
    • stream needs to be demultiplexed to
    • the bit rate of the individual channel
    TDM contd…
    WDM concept
    Broadcast and select in WDM

    • Each node transmits signals on its wavelength to all


    • its nodes
    • Each node selects the desired wavelength by filtering
    • the entire signal
    • The WDM mux is a passive device which splits the
    • signal power equally among all the nodes
    • The same wavelength is picked up by all receivers. It
    • is called multicast
    • This system can be accessed by many nodes. So it is
    • called multiaccess
    Broadcast and select in WDM
    Wavelength routing

    • Based on light path concept


    • A light path is the temporary optical communication
    • channel between two nodes
    • The same wavelength can be used for different light
    • paths. This is called wavelength reuse
    • There is no power splitting between links of the
    • network . So a wavelength routing network allows
    • many more connections
    • Wavelength routing also eliminates broadcasting a
    • signal to unwanted receivers
    Wavelength routing
    Repeaters and Amplifiers

    • A repeater / regenerator accepts an


    • optical signal , converts it into an
    • electrical signal, makes a decision
    • whether it is bit 1 or 0, generates a new
    • electrical pulse converts it back into an
    • optical signal and transmits the
    • reshaped signal farther into the fiber
    Repeater
    3 methods to regenerate a
    signal
    • 3R –Regeneration with retiming and reshaping
    • Extracts clock information from a signal. Then the
    • signal is completely reclocked and reshaped.
    • Generates a new electrical signal which carries the
    • same logic as the original
    • 3R produces a fresh copy of the received signal
    • It can work only with a specific bitrate and signal
    • format. So the transmission characteristics of both
    • transmitters and receivers at the ends of a fiber optic
    • link are pre determined.
    • It eliminates transparency to bit rates and framing
    • protocols
    2R repeater

    • Regeneration and reshaping without retiming


    • Restrictions on the bit rate and frame format
    • are not very stringent but does not work well
    • at higher data rates ( a few hundred Mbps)
    • This is because, without retiming, jitter
    • accumulates over all the regeneration steps
    • Limits the number of regeneration steps
    • allowed
    Optical amplifiers
    Types of optical amplifiers
    Passive components

    • N x N couplers with N>=2


    • Power splitters
    • Power taps
    • Star couplers
    Couplers

    • Basic star coupler concept for combining


    • or splitting optical powers.
    2 x 2 Fiber Coupler
    2 x 2 Waveguide Coupler
    Couplers
    Fused biconical taper fiber
    coupler
    8x8 star coupler formed by
    interconnecting twelve 2x2 couplers
    OADM

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