Clinical Supervision

CLINICAL
SUPERVISION
Srinivasan A
Introduction
CS is highlighted item on nursing agenda
since (1980)
CS has been described as a formal
arrangement that bring nurses to discuss
their practice regularly with another
experienced professional.
CS is an interpersonal process whereby a
skilled practitioner helps a less skilled or
experienced practitioner to achieve
professional abilities appropriate to their
role, (Barber &Norman, 1987)
Definition
CS is a formal process of professional support
and learning which enables practitioners to
develop knowledge and competence, assume
responsibility for their own practice and
enhance consumer protection and the safety
of careits central to the process of
learning encourage self assessment,
analytical and reflective skills. (NHS, 1993 ).
CS brings practitioners and skilled supervisor
together to reflect on practice. Supervision
aims to identify solution to problems, improve
practice and increase understanding of
professional issues. (UKCC position statement,1996).
CS aims
CS is a formal support system that aim :
Steered reflection in practice.
Provide support to avoid mistake
recurrence
Create an environment where good
practice can challenged, developed,
and improved,
Enhance positive and healthy working
environment.
Components of CS
CS require three main components:
Infrastructure; the administrative
foundation that allows work based learning
Relevant experience which provide
opportunity to enhance individual skills
through exposure to learning opportunity.
Learning culture; the value that the
organization and people within place
engaging learning for growth and
development.
Function of CS
There are three main function of CS (Proctor 1986).
Formative; is the educative process of
developing the skills, understanding and
abilities of practitioners.
Restorative; is about supporting the
practitioner to adopt their copping skills, in
relation to the varying levels of stress
within the clinical setting.
Normative; is where the practitioner looks
at the quality of his work and how this fits
within the standards.
Potential benefits of CS
Personnel development/growth .
Identify learning needs.
Improve working relationship.
Enhance reflection on practice.
Opportunity to receive positive
feedback.
Provide link between research and
practice (Identify research subject).
Provide emotional support for the
practitioner (far from the managements).
Individual recognition of a sense of
personnel worth and the sense of
being valued.
More effective use of skills,
knowledge and expertise.
Develops innovative practice
Better quality of care for the clients.
Acknowledgment of stress and
difficult workloads.
Improves patient/ client satisfaction.
Contributes to risk management and
decrease adverse occurrence incidents
Increase staff satisfactions and by
consequence staff retention.
Maintain and safeguards standards.
Improve qualities of care.
Protect the patients receiving care
from the nurses and protect nurses (Barker
1992).
Why CS IS Needed ?
External influences summarized:
Presence of patients Charter leading to
increased expectation from the public
(DOH 1992).
Increased awareness of a growing need
to manage risk in modern health service
(Tingle, 1995).
Dynamic changes within current health
system (darley,1995).
Recent innovation in the medical
management and treatment of patients
(Kohner, 1994)
What Elements Constitute
a Support System (SS)?
In each organization there are always
some sort of SS, that can be
classified in two types:
Formal SS: mentorship, Preceptorship,
Performance appraisal, Education program,
Research projects, Clinical supervision, .
Informal SS: Team nursing, Staff
meeting, Morning report, Peer
relationships, Journals, books, Internet
facilities, ward project, Symposium etc
Common Roles of the
SS
Offer individual and professional
development.
Encourage and motivate staff.
Enable identification of the
learning needs.
Facilitate learning.
Offer emotional support.
Approaches to CS
CS can be carried out in many ways
and with different people. (Houston 1990;
Barton-Wright 1994; Faugier &Butterworth).
Self Supervision where the individual
is able to reflect upon his/her work.
Team supervision; among a group of
colleagues who work together (Primary
nurse team).
Network supervision; among people
who do not work together (community nurses)
Clinical Supervisor
Clinical supervisor play essential

role in the success of CS. The
preparation of Clinical supervisors is
crucial, relevant practice,
experience is important as well as
the development of the necessary
skills, qualities and characteristics
to achieve the required outcomes.
Clinical Supervisor
Qualities and characteristics of a good
clinical supervisor (Piemme et al 1986;
Fowler 1995; Mahood et al 1998):
Knowledgeable on the supervisor
roles, supervisees role, supervision
models. clinical credible
Skills: teaching (adult learning) assess
knowledge and experience,
communication, interpersonal,
reflection (can be reflective and facilitate
discussion and reflection).
Conclusion
I would like to ask you answer:

Do you think we need to have
Clinical supervisor ?
If No what is the alterative?
If yes, what you are going to do
to implemented?
Thank you
References
Barber, P. & Norman, L (1987) Skills in supervision. Nursing Times 83; 83(2), 3-4
Barker P (1992). Psychiatric Nursing. In: Butterworth T and Faugier J (Eds). Clinical
Supervision and Mentorship in Nursing p 65-79 Chapman & Hall.
Benner P. (1984) From Novice to Expert. Excellence and power in Clinical Nursing.
California Addison- Wesley. USA.Bodley, D.E. (1992) Clinical supervision in psychiatric
nursing: using the process record. Nursing Education Today 12(2), 148-155.
Bond R and Holland S (1997). Skills of Clinical Supervision for Nurses. Buckingham,
Open University Press.
Borrill, C.S. et al. (1996) mental health of the workforce of NHS Trusts-Phase 1 final
report Institute of work Psychology, University of Sheffield & Department of
Psychology University of Leeds. (art 21mc)
Booth K (1992)Providing support and reducing stress: a review of the literature. In:
Butterworth T and Faugier J (Eds). Clinical Supervision and Mentorship in Nursing.
London, Kogen Page.
Bradshaw, Teaching and assessing in clinical Nursing Practice. London: Prentice
HALL. (1989) (1997).
Butterworth, T. & Woods, D. 2001 Clinical Governance and Clinical Supervision
working together to ensure safe and accountable practice. The School of Nursing,
midwifery and Health Carthy, J. (1994) Bandwagons roll. Nursing Standards 8(38), 48-
49.
Cottrell, S. & Smith, G. (2000). Problematic Dynamic Relevant to the Implementation
of Clinical Supervision in Nursing. http://www.clinical-supervision.com
Cottrell, S (2000) Draft Policy for Clinical Supervision.
Cottrell, S. (2000) The Journal of Psychiatric and mental health Nursing July 2000
References
Smith, G., (2000). Friendship within clinical supervision: A model for NHS?
Presentation for launch of National Nursing Strategy for wales: 'Realising
the potential' Sept. 2000. www.clinical-supervision.com./supervion
Stokoe, B. & McClarey, M. (1995). Safety Measure. Nursing Times; 91(26),
30-31.
The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, (1993). 4th ed. New
York:Oxford University Press. Thumb Index edition.
Titchen, A. and Binnit, A. (1995) the art of clinical supervision. Journal of
Clinical Nursing 4:327-334.
Tschudin V. (1992) Making Ethical Decision' in Ethics in Nursing: The
caring Relationship (2nd ed) London: Butterworth Heinemann p82-92
Vance C and Olson R (1991). Mentorship. In: Fitzpatrick J J, TauntonRL
and Jacox AK (Eds). Annual Review of Nursing Research.New York,
Springer.
Watkins, M.J (2000). Competency for nursing practice. Journal of Clinical
Nursing 2000; 9: 338-346.
Weinberg, A. & Creed, F. (2000). Stress and psychiatric disorder in
Healthcare Professionals and Hospital Staff. The Lancet, 355 Feb. 12th
2000. (art 21mc)
Webb, A. & Wheeler, S (1998) how honest do counselors dare to be in the
supervisory relationship: an exploratory study. British Journal of Guidance
& Counseling, 26:4.
Wright, B. (1993) Clinical Supervision. Accident and Emergency Nursing
1(4), 181-182.
http://www.clinical-supervision.com./supervion%20policy.htm. 02/02/1427
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CLINICAL

Clinical supervisor play essential

I would like to ask you answer:

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