Siklus Thermal Pembangkit

Thermal Power
rigins of Steam Power

apin (1690)
rst Steam-operated piston
water boiled in cylindrical chamber
containing tight fitting piston
steam exerted force on piston,
causing it to rise
) piston retracted into chamber
after walls cooled down
ycle time – many minutes)
Savery (1699)
Rate of steam condensation increased by spraying cold water over outside of piston
chamber (cycle time ~ a minute)
Newcomen (1712)
Rate of steam condensation improved still further by injecting cold water directly into
steam chamber (cycle time 5-10 seconds)
Watt (1775)
Incorporated separate condenser, thereby removing need to reheat walls of piston
chamber. Commercial steam engines of 20 kW power in use by 1800
Thermal Power Stations
Note: thermal includes fossil-fuel and nuclear power
Heat source is part of Steam Cycle
Thermodynamics of cycle independent of nature of heat source
Steam Cycle: Main Components
Boiler
Turbine (expander)
Heat in
Water 
Pump Electrical power
Condenser
Cooling water
Heat out
Properties of Steam
Temperature K
T Critical pressure 221 bar
Super-critical
fluid
Sub-critical
dry steam
p=0.006 bar
Dryness fraction (quality)

x = mvapour/(mvapour +mwater)
Sub-critical
water-steam
100% water 0% water s = (1  x) swater + x svapour
mixture 0% steam 100% steam
(wet steam) Ice-water vapour mixture s
Specific entropy kJ/kg/K
Entropy/temperature diagram is best for power station cycles

Any TWO thermodynamic parameters are sufficient to define state of fluid
eg S,T or P,H (Steam Tables)
Carnot Cycle (Ideal Cycle)
1) Heat absorption at constant
T Q12 temperature, Ta (boiler) 12
2) Isentropic expansion  work
Ta 1 2 output (turbine) 23
W41
3) Heat rejection at constant
W23
Tb temperature, Tb (condenser) 34
4 3
Q34 4) Isentropic compression
S (pump) 41
Energy Conservation (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Q12 + W23+ Q34+ W41= 0
(Note: Q12 > 0, W23 < 0, Q34 < 0, W41 > 0)
Cycle efficiency, c  (Useful work out)/(Heat input at Ta)

ie c  (| W23| W41)/ Q12|  (Ta Tb)/ Ta  1 Tb/ Ta
(Note: T measured in K (absolute temperature) – formal
definition of absolute temperature scale)
Practical difficulties in using a Carnot Cycle
1) Boiler operates only in wet-steam regime otherwise temperature
would rise when all the water has turned to steam, violating
condition for Carnot Cycle
 turbine expands wet steam
 water droplets hit turbine blades (damage)
2) Maximum temperature (Ta) is limited to ~650 K

 efficiency of cycle is severely constrained
3) Compression of water/steam mixture is thermodynamically

unstable (water  droplets)
 very large volume compressor (expensive)
Rankine Cycle overcomes all these problems

Rankine Cycle
T 2c
2b Step 1:
a) Condense all the steam to water
2a
in the condenser
b) Pumping water to high pressure requires
Tb
small volume machine and little energy
1b
1a
S
Step 2:
Use 3-stage boiler (~ constant pressure)
a) Economiser – water heated at constant pressure
b) Evaporator – water/steam mixture heated at constant pressure
c) Superheater – dry steam heated at constant pressure
[Note that there is a small drop in pressure through the boiler tube
in order to overcome frictional losses]
Step 3:
T Ta Expand dry steam through a turbine
to generate shaft power
In practice, water droplets still form in

the low pressure end of the turbine, so
Tb the steam is reheated at various stages
S
Ta
T HP IP LP
from
boiler
reheaters
to condenser
HP: high pressure turbine
Tb IP: intermediate pressure turbine
S LP: low pressure turbine
Frictional losses across turbine blades vary like u2 (FD=½CDAu2)
ie very large for large u (near speed of sound)
Losses reduced significantly by using many stages in series (~50 stages)
The loss of kinetic energy at each stage is

small and turbulence is reduced
Other practical effects limiting efficiency

a) Boiler tubes have finite thickness, so outer wall temperature is higher
than water/steam temperature
b) Metallurgical limit to temperature/pressure difference boiler tubes
can withstand (creep/crack formation)
c) Many pipes/tubes in flow circuit  frictional losses
) Condenser is a vacuum chamber  air leaks in but can not condense,
so ‘air blanket’ forms, preventing water vapour from condensing on
cold surface of condenser tubes
Efficiency of Rankine Cycle
T 3 Condenser at 30 C at a pressure of 0.04 bar

Q23 Compressor increases pressure to 170 bar
Three-stage boiler at 170 bar
a) economiser raises temperature to 352 C
W34
b) evaporator at 352 C
W12 2 c) superheater raises temperature to 600 C
1 Q41 4
Adiabatic turbine
S
T p hf hg sf sg
Water/Steam 30 0.04 126 2566 0.436 8.452
Water/Steam 352 170 1690 2548 3.808 5.181
Dry Steam 600 170 3564 6.603
where hf and hg are the specific enthalpies and sf and sg are the
specific entropies of the fluid and gas, respectively, in kJ/kg.
Specific enthalpy h  u +pv
isobaric, constant pressure, dh  du + pdv  dQ
dh  Tds + vdp so isentropic dh  vdp or h  W
i) W12  V(p2  p1) = 10(170 0.04) 10
17 kJ/kg T Q23 3
ii) 12 isentropic so W12 2 W34

h2h1 + W12  126 + 17 143 kJ/kg 1 Q41
4
S
iii) 23 isobaric so

Q23  h3 – h2  3564  143 = 3421 kJ/kg
iv) 34 isentropic so

W34  h3 – h4 and s3  s4
s4  (1x)sf4 + xsg4
6.603  (1x)0.436 + 8.452 x
x  0.769
v) h4  (1x)hf4 + xhg4
h4  (1x)126 + 2566 x
x  0.769
h4  2002 kJ/kg
3
34 isentropic so T Q23
W34  h3 – h4
W12 2 W34
 3564 – 2002  1562 kJ/kg 1 Q41
4
S
vi) useful work/heat in
 (W14 – W12)/Q23  (1562 – 17)/3421
 0.452  45.2%
vii) cf Carnot Cycle

c(T3 T4)/T3  (873 303)/873
 0.653  65.3%
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Stations
In recent years gas turbines and steam turbines have been combined to
increase the efficiency to around 50-60% (upper temperature ~1200 C)
Gas Turbine air
Compressor Turbine 
compressed
air
Exhaust gas
Combustion
Gaseous
Chamber
fuel
T a) Heat generated by internal combustion rather than
p
Tmax via a high temperature heat exchanger (boiler)
Combustion patmos
b) No cooler required since exhaust gases vented to
Turbineatmosphere
Compressor Brayton CyclePlant much smaller. Work done by compressor is
significant, though this is compensated by very high
Stemperature ~ 1200 C (Turbine blades ceramic coated
and water cooled)
CCGT Station
air
Exhaust gas
Compressor Turbine Boiler

compressed
air Turbine
Gaseous
Combustion Heat in
fuel
Chamber
Water
Exhaust gas

Pump Condenser
Cooling water Heat out
Rankine Heat of exhaust gases used to help

T
Cycle
raise steam for steam turbine
Brayton Many CCGTs have been built in the
Cycle
UK in the 90s due to availability of
cheap gas and relaxation of
S governmental controls
CCGT Station
660 MW Power Plant
Low pressure turbine, part of a

Stator for a 660 MW 660 MW assembly
generator being assembled

Siklus Thermal Pembangkit

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Siklus Thermal Pembangkit

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Siklus Thermal Pembangkit

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal Power

rigins of Steam Power

Dryness fraction (quality)

Entropy/temperature diagram is best for power station cycles

Cycle efficiency, c  (Useful work out)/(Heat input at Ta)

2) Maximum temperature (Ta) is limited to ~650 K

3) Compression of water/steam mixture is thermodynamically

Rankine Cycle overcomes all these problems

In practice, water droplets still form in

The loss of kinetic energy at each stage is

Other practical effects limiting efficiency

T 3 Condenser at 30 C at a pressure of 0.04 bar

ii) 12 isentropic so W12 2 W34

iii) 23 isobaric so

iv) 34 isentropic so

vii) cf Carnot Cycle

Compressor Turbine Boiler

Cooling water Heat out

Rankine Heat of exhaust gases used to help

Low pressure turbine, part of a

You might also like