GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (GOLD):

TEACHING SLIDE SET
January 2015
This slide set is restricted for academic and educational
purposes only. Use of the slide set, or of individual
slides, for commercial or promotional purposes requires
approval from GOLD.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

G lobal Initiative for Chronic
O bstructive
L ung
D isease
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 GOLD Structure

GOLD Board of Directors

Marc Decramer, MD Chair

Science Committee Dissemination/Implementation

Committee
Claus Vogelmeier, MD - Chair Jean Bourbeau, MD Chair
M. Victorina Lpez, MD Vice Chair

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 GOLD Board of Directors: 2015

M. Decramer, Chair, Belgium

A. Agusti, Spain D. Halpin, UK

J. Bourbeau, Canada P. Jones, UK
B. Celli, US V. Lopez Varela, Uruguay
R. C. Chen, PRC M. Nishimura, Japan
G. Criner, US C. Vogelmeier, Germany
P. Frith, Australia
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 GOLD Science Committee - 2015

Claus Vogelmeier, MD, Chair

Alvar Agusti, MD Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, MD
Antonio Anzueto, MD Don Sin, MD
Leonardo Fabbri, MD Dave Singh, MD
Paul Jones, MD Robert Stockley, MD
Fernando Martinez, MD Jrgen Vestbo, MD
Nicolas Roche, MD Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, MD
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Description of Levels of Evidence

Evidence Sources of Evidence

Category
A Randomized controlled trials
(RCTs). Rich body of data

B Randomized controlled trials

(RCTs). Limited body of data

C Nonrandomized trials
Observational studies.

D Panel consensus judgment

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 GOLD Structure
GOLD Board of Directors
Marc Decramer, MD Chair

Science Committee Dissemination/Implementation

Committee
Claus Vogelmeier, MD - Chair Jean Bourbeau, MD Chair
M. Victorina Lpez, MD Vice Chair

GOLD National Leaders - GNL

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Saudi Arabia Bangladesh
Slovenia Germany Brazil Ireland
United States Australia Yugoslavia Croatia
Canada
Austria Taiwan ROC
Philippines Mongolia Portugal
Yeman
Moldova Norway Thailand Greece Malta
Kazakhstan China South Africa
United Kingdom Syria Hong Kong ROC
Italy New Zealand Nepal Chile Israel
Argentina Mexico
Pakistan Russia
United Arab Emirates
Peru Japan
Poland Korea GOLD National Leaders
Netherlands
Egypt France
Switzerland India Venezuela KyrgyzstanGeorgia
Iceland Macedonia Albania
Turkey Czech Belgium
Denmark
Republic Slovakia
Romania Columbia Ukraine Singapore Spain
Sweden
Uruguay 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Vietnam
 GOLD Website Address

http://www.goldcopd.org

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

G lobal Initiative for Chronic
O bstructive
L ung
D isease
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 GOLD Objectives
Increase awareness of COPD among
health professionals, health
authorities, and the general public
Improve diagnosis, management and
prevention
Decrease morbidity and mortality
Stimulate research
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

Definition and Overview

Diagnosis and Assessment
Therapeutic Options
Manage Stable COPD
Manage Exacerbations
Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

Definition and Overview

Diagnosis and Assessment
Therapeutic Options
Manage Stable COPD
Manage Exacerbations
Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Definition of COPD
COPD, a common preventable and treatable
disease, is characterized by persistent airflow
limitation that is usually progressive and
associated with an enhanced chronic
inflammatory response in the airways and the
lung to noxious particles or gases.
Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to
the overall severity in individual patients.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Mechanisms Underlying
Airflow Limitation in COPD

Small Airways Disease Parenchymal Destruction

Airway inflammation Loss of alveolar attachments
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs Decrease of elastic recoil
Increased airway resistance

AIRFLOW LIMITATION
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Burden of COPD
COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality worldwide.

The burden of COPD is projected to increase

in coming decades due to continued
exposure to COPD risk factors and the aging
of the worlds population.

COPD is associated with significant economic

burden.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Risk Factors for COPD

Genes Lung growth and development
Exposure to particles Gender
Tobacco smoke Age
Occupational dusts, organic Respiratory infections
and inorganic Socioeconomic status
Indoor air pollution from Asthma/Bronchial
heating and cooking with hyperreactivity
biomass in poorly ventilated
dwellings Chronic Bronchitis
Outdoor air pollution
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Risk Factors for COPD

Genes

Infections

Socio-economic
status

Aging Populations
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

Definition and Overview

Diagnosis and Assessment
Therapeutic Options
Manage Stable COPD
Manage Exacerbations
Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Diagnosis and Assessment: Key Points

A clinical diagnosis of COPD should be

considered in any patient who has dyspnea,
chronic cough or sputum production, and a
history of exposure to risk factors for the
disease.
Spirometry is required to make the diagnosis;
the presence of a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC
< 0.70 confirms the presence of persistent
airflow limitation and thus of COPD.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Diagnosis and Assessment: Key Points

The goals of COPD assessment are to determine

the severity of the disease, including the severity of
airflow limitation, the impact on the patients health
status, and the risk of future events.

Comorbidities occur frequently in COPD patients,

and should be actively looked for and treated
appropriately if present.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Diagnosis of COPD

EXPOSURE TO RISK
SYMPTOMS FACTORS
shortness of breath
tobacco
chronic cough occupation
sputum indoor/outdoor pollution

SPIROMETRY: Required to establish

diagnosis
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of Airflow Limitation:

Spirometry
Spirometry should be performed after the
administration of an adequate dose of a short-
acting inhaled bronchodilator to minimize
variability.
A post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 confirms
the presence of airflow limitation.
Where possible, values should be compared to
age-related normal values to avoid overdiagnosis
of COPD in the elderly.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Spirometry: Normal Trace Showing
FEV1 and FVC

5 FVC
4
Volume, liters

FEV1 = 4L
3
FVC = 5L
2
FEV1/FVC = 0.8
1

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time, sec
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Spirometry: Obstructive Disease

5 Normal

4
Volume, liters

3
FEV1 = 1.8L
2 FVC = 3.2L
Obstructive
FEV1/FVC = 0.56
1

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time, seconds

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of COPD: Goals

Determine the severity of the disease, its
impact on the patients health status and the
risk of future events (for example
exacerbations) to guide therapy. Consider the
following aspects of the disease separately:
current level of patients symptoms
severity of the spirometric abnormality
frequency of exacerbations
presence of comorbidities.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of COPD

Assess symptoms
Assess degree of airflow
limitation using spirometry
Assess risk of exacerbations

Assess comorbidities
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Symptoms of COPD
The characteristic symptoms of COPD are chronic and
progressive dyspnea, cough, and sputum production
that can be variable from day-to-day.

Dyspnea: Progressive, persistent and characteristically

worse with exercise.

Chronic cough: May be intermittent and may be

unproductive.

Chronic sputum production: COPD patients commonly

cough up sputum.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of COPD
Assess symptoms
Assess degree of airflow limitation using
spirometry
COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
Assess risk of exacerbations
Assess comorbidities or
Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ)
or
mMRC Breathlessness scale
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of Symptoms

COPD Assessment Test (CAT): An 8-item

measure of health status impairment in COPD
(http://catestonline.org).

Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ): Self-

administered questionnaire developed to
measure clinical control in patients with COPD
(http://www.ccq.nl).

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of Symptoms
Breathlessness Measurement using the
Modified British Medical Research Council
(mMRC) Questionnaire: relates well to other
measures of health status and predicts future
mortality risk.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Modified MRC (mMRC)Questionnaire

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of COPD
Assess symptoms
Assess degree of airflow limitation
using spirometry
Use spirometry
Assess for grading severity
risk of exacerbations
Assess comorbidities
according to spirometry, using four
grades split at 80%, 50% and 30% of
predicted value

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Classification of Severity of Airflow

Limitation in COPD*
In patients with FEV1/FVC < 0.70:

GOLD 1: Mild FEV1 > 80% predicted

GOLD 2: Moderate 50% < FEV1 < 80% predicted

GOLD 3: Severe 30% < FEV1 < 50% predicted

GOLD 4: Very Severe FEV1 < 30% predicted

*Based on Post-Bronchodilator FEV1

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assessment of COPD
Assess symptoms
Assess degree of airflow limitation
using spirometry
Assess risk of exacerbations
Assess comorbidities
Use history of exacerbations and spirometry.
Two exacerbations or more within the last year
or an FEV1 < 50 % of predicted value are
indicators of high risk. Hospitalization for a COPD
exacerbation associated with increased risk of death.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assess Risk of Exacerbations

To assess risk of exacerbations use history of

exacerbations and spirometry:
Two or more exacerbations within the last
year or an FEV1 < 50 % of predicted value
are indicators of high risk.
One or more hospitalizations for COPD
exacerbation should be considered high
risk.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment of COPD

Assess symptoms
Assess degree of airflow limitation using
spirometry
Assess risk of exacerbations

Combine these assessments for the

purpose of improving management of COPD
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment of COPD

2
(GOLD Classification of Airflow Limitation))

4 or
(C) (D) > 1 leading

(Exacerbation history)
3 to hospital
admission

Risk
Risk

2 1 (not leading
(A) (B) to hospital
admission)
1
0
CAT < 10 CAT > 10
Symptoms
mMRC 01 mMRC > 2
Breathlessness
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment of COPD

Assess symptoms first
If CAT < 10 or mMRC 0-1:
(C) (D) Less
Symptoms/breathlessness (A
or C)

(A) (B) If CAT > 10 or mMRC > 2:

More
CAT < 10 CAT > 10
Symptoms/breathlessness
(B or D)
Symptoms
mMRC 01 mMRC > 2
Breathlessness 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment of COPD

Assess risk of exacerbations next
(GOLD Classification of Airflow Limitation)

2 If GOLD 3 or 4 or 2
4 or exacerbations per year or
> 1 leading to hospital

(Exacerbation history)
3
(C) (D) > 1 leading
to hospital admission:
admission High Risk (C or D)

Risk
Risk

2 1 (not leading
If GOLD 1 or 2 and only
0 or 1 exacerbations per
(A) (B) to hospital
admission) year (not leading to
1 0 hospital admission):
Low Risk (A or B)
CAT < 10 CAT > 10
Symptoms
mMRC 01 mMRC > 2
Breathlessness 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment of COPD

2
(GOLD Classification of Airflow Limitation))

4 or
(C) (D) > 1 leading

(Exacerbation history)
3 to hospital
admission

Risk
Risk

2 1 (not leading
(A) (B) to hospital
admission)
1
0
CAT < 10 CAT > 10
Symptoms
mMRC 01 mMRC > 2
Breathlessness
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD

Combined Assessment
of COPD
When assessing risk, choose the highest risk
according to GOLD grade or exacerbation
history. One or more hospitalizations for COPD
exacerbations should be considered high risk.)

Patient Characteristic Spirometric Exacerbations CAT mMRC

Classification per year
Low Risk
A GOLD 1-2 1 < 10 0-1
Less Symptoms
Low Risk
B GOLD 1-2 1 > 10 >2
More Symptoms
High Risk
C GOLD 3-4 >2 < 10 0-1
Less Symptoms
High Risk >2
D GOLD 3-4 >2 > 10
More Symptoms
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Assess COPD Comorbidities

COPD patients are at increased risk for:
Cardiovascular diseases
Osteoporosis
Respiratory infections
Anxiety and Depression
Diabetes
Lung cancer
Bronchiectasis
These comorbid conditions may influence mortality and
hospitalizations and should be looked for routinely, and
treated appropriately.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Differential Diagnosis:
COPD and Asthma
COPD ASTHMA
Onset in mid-life Onset early in life (often
childhood)
Symptoms slowly
progressive Symptoms vary from day to day
Long smoking history Symptoms worse at night/early
morning
Allergy, rhinitis, and/or eczema
also present
Family history of asthma
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Additional Investigations
Chest X-ray: Seldom diagnostic but valuable to exclude
alternative diagnoses and establish presence of significant
comorbidities.
Lung Volumes and Diffusing Capacity: Help to characterize
severity, but not essential to patient management.
Oximetry and Arterial Blood Gases: Pulse oximetry can be
used to evaluate a patients oxygen saturation and need for
supplemental oxygen therapy.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Screening: Perform when COPD
develops in patients of Caucasian descent under 45 years or
with a strong family history of COPD.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Additional Investigations
Exercise Testing: Objectively measured exercise
impairment, assessed by a reduction in self-paced walking
distance (such as the 6 min walking test) or during
incremental exercise testing in a laboratory, is a powerful
indicator of health status impairment and predictor of
prognosis.
Composite Scores: Several variables (FEV1, exercise
tolerance assessed by walking distance or peak oxygen
consumption, weight loss and reduction in the arterial
oxygen tension) identify patients at increased risk for
mortality.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

Definition and Overview

Diagnosis and Assessment
Therapeutic Options
Manage Stable COPD
Manage Exacerbations
Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Therapeutic Options: Key Points

Smoking cessation has the greatest capacity to

influence the natural history of COPD. Health care
providers should encourage all patients who smoke
to quit.
Pharmacotherapy and nicotine replacement reliably
increase long-term smoking abstinence rates.
All COPD patients benefit from regular physical
activity and should repeatedly be encouraged to
remain active.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Therapeutic Options: Key Points

Appropriate pharmacologic therapy can reduce COPD

symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of
exacerbations, and improve health status and
exercise tolerance.
None of the existing medications for COPD has been
shown conclusively to modify the long-term decline
in lung function.
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be
offered depending on local guidelines.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Smoking Cessation

Counseling delivered by physicians and other health

professionals significantly increases quit rates over self-
initiated strategies. Even a brief (3-minute) period of
counseling to urge a smoker to quit results in smoking
quit rates of 5-10%.
Nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine gum, inhaler,
nasal spray, transdermal patch, sublingual tablet, or
lozenge) as well as pharmacotherapy with varenicline,
bupropion, and nortriptyline reliably increases long-
term smoking abstinence rates and are significantly
more effective than placebo.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Brief Strategies to Help the
Patient Willing to Quit Smoking

ASK Systematically identify all

tobacco users at every visit
ADVISE Strongly urge all tobacco
users to quit
ASSESS Determine willingness to
make a quit attempt
ASSIST Aid the patient in quitting
ARRANGE Schedule follow-up contact.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Risk Reduction

Encourage comprehensive tobacco-control policies with clear,

consistent, and repeated nonsmoking messages.
Emphasize primary prevention, best achieved by elimination or
reduction of exposures in the workplace. Secondary
prevention, achieved through surveillance and early detection,
is also important.
Reduce or avoid indoor air pollution from biomass fuel, burned
for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated dwellings.
Advise patients to monitor public announcements of air quality
and, depending on the severity of their disease, avoid vigorous
exercise outdoors or stay indoors during pollution episodes.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: COPD Medications

Beta2-agonists
Short-acting beta2-agonists
Long-acting beta2-agonists
Anticholinergics
Short-acting anticholinergics
Long-acting anticholinergics
Combination short-acting beta2-agonists + anticholinergic in one inhaler
Combination long-acting beta2-agonist + anticholinergic in one inhaler
Methylxanthines
Inhaled corticosteroids
Combination long-acting beta2-agonists + corticosteroids in one inhaler
Systemic corticosteroids
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Bronchodilators

Bronchodilator medications are central to the

symptomatic management of COPD.
Bronchodilators are prescribed on an as-needed or on a
regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms.
The principal bronchodilator treatments are beta2-
agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline or combination
therapy.
The choice of treatment depends on the availability of
medications and each patients individual response
in terms of symptom relief and side effects..
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Bronchodilators

Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators are

convenient and more effective for symptom relief
than short-acting bronchodilators.
Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators reduce
exacerbations and related hospitalizations and
improve symptoms and health status.
Combining bronchodilators of different
pharmacological classes may improve efficacy and
decrease the risk of side effects compared to
increasing the dose of a single bronchodilator.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Inhaled
Corticosteroids
Regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids
improves symptoms, lung function and quality of life
and reduces frequency of exacerbations for COPD
patients with an FEV1 < 60% predicted.

Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is associated with an

increased risk of pneumonia.

Withdrawal from treatment with inhaled

corticosteroids may lead to exacerbations in some
patients.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Combination
Therapy
An inhaled corticosteroid combined with a long-acting
beta2-agonist is more effective than the individual
components in improving lung function and health
status and reducing exacerbations in moderate to very
severe COPD.
Combination therapy is associated with an increased risk
of pneumonia.
Addition of a long-acting beta2-agonist/inhaled
glucorticosteroid combination to an anticholinergic
(tiotropium) appears to provide additional benefits.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Systemic
Corticosteroids

Chronic treatment with systemic

corticosteroids should be avoided
because of an unfavorable benefit-to-
risk ratio.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options:
Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors

In patients with severe and very severe

COPD (GOLD 3 and 4) and a history of
exacerbations and chronic bronchitis, the
phospodiesterase-4 inhibitor, roflumilast,
reduces exacerbations treated with oral
glucocorticosteroids.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Therapeutic Options: Theophylline

Theophylline is less effective and less well tolerated than

inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and is not
recommended if those drugs are available and affordable.

There is evidence for a modest bronchodilator effect and

some symptomatic benefit compared with placebo in stable
COPD. Addition of theophylline to salmeterol produces a
greater increase in FEV1 and breathlessness than
salmeterol alone.

Low dose theophylline reduces exacerbations but does not

improve post-bronchodilator lung function.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Other
Pharmacologic Treatments

Influenza vaccines can reduce serious illness.

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended
for COPD patients 65 years and older and for COPD
patients younger than age 65 with an FEV1 < 40%
predicted.

The use of antibiotics, other than for treating infectious

exacerbations of COPD and other bacterial infections, is
currently not indicated.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Other
Pharmacologic Treatments
Alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy: not
recommended for patients with COPD that is unrelated
to the genetic deficiency.
Mucolytics: Patients with viscous sputum may
benefit from mucolytics; overall benefits are very small.
Antitussives: Not recommended.
Vasodilators: Nitric oxide is contraindicated in stable
COPD. The use of endothelium-modulating agents for
the treatment of pulmonary hypertension associated
with COPD is not recommended.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Rehabilitation

All COPD patients benefit from exercise training

programs with improvements in exercise tolerance
and symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue.

Although an effective pulmonary rehabilitation

program is 6 weeks, the longer the program
continues, the more effective the results.

If exercise training is maintained at home, the

patient's health status remains above pre-
rehabilitation levels.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Other Treatments

Oxygen Therapy: The long-term administration of

oxygen (> 15 hours per day) to patients with chronic
respiratory failure has been shown to increase
survival in patients with severe, resting hypoxemia.

Ventilatory Support: Combination of noninvasive

ventilation (NIV) with long-term oxygen therapy may
be of some use in a selected subset of patients,
particularly in those with pronounced daytime
hypercapnia.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Surgical
Treatments

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is more

efficacious than medical therapy among patients
with upper-lobe predominant emphysema and low
exercise capacity.

LVRS is costly relative to health-care programs not

including surgery.

In appropriately selected patients with very severe

COPD, lung transplantation has been shown to
improve quality of life and functional capacity.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Therapeutic Options: Other Treatments

Palliative Care, End-of-life Care, Hospice Care:

Communication with advanced COPD patients
about end-of-life care and advance care planning
gives patients and their families the opportunity to
make informed decisions.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

Definition and Overview

Diagnosis and Assessment
Therapeutic Options
Manage Stable COPD
Manage Exacerbations
Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Stable COPD: Key Points

Identification and reduction of exposure to risk factors

are important steps in prevention and treatment.
Individualized assessment of symptoms, airflow
limitation, and future risk of exacerbations should be
incorporated into the management strategy.
All COPD patients benefit from rehabilitation and
maintenance of physical activity.
Pharmacologic therapy is used to reduce symptoms,
reduce frequency and severity of exacerbations, and
improve health status and exercise tolerance.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Stable COPD: Key Points

Long-acting formulations of beta2-agonists

and anticholinergics are preferred over
short-acting formulations. Based on efficacy
and side effects, inhaled bronchodilators are
preferred over oral bronchodilators.
Long-term treatment with inhaled
corticosteroids added to long-acting
bronchodilators is recommended for patients
with high risk of exacerbations.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Stable COPD: Key Points

Long-term monotherapy with oral or inhaled

corticosteroids is not recommended in
COPD.
The phospodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast
may be useful to reduce exacerbations for
patients with FEV1 < 50% of predicted,
chronic bronchitis, and frequent
exacerbations.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Stable COPD: Goals of Therapy

Relieve symptoms
Improve exercise tolerance Reduce
symptoms
Improve health status

Prevent disease progression

Reduce
Prevent and treat exacerbations risk
Reduce mortality
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: All COPD Patients

Avoidance of risk factors

- smoking cessation
- reduction of indoor pollution
- reduction of occupational exposure
Influenza vaccination
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: Non-pharmacologic

Patient Essential Recommended Depending on local

Group guidelines

Smoking cessation (can Flu vaccination

A include pharmacologic Physical activity Pneumococcal
treatment) vaccination

Smoking cessation (can

Flu vaccination
include pharmacologic
B, C, D Physical activity Pneumococcal
treatment)
vaccination
Pulmonary rehabilitation

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: Pharmacologic Therapy
(Medications in each box are mentioned in alphabetical order, and
therefore not necessarily in order of preference.)

Patient Recommended Alternative choice Other Possible

First choice Treatments
LAMA
SAMA prn or
A or LABA Theophylline
SABA prn or
SABA and SAMA
LAMA
SABA and/or SAMA
B or LAMA and LABA
Theophylline
LABA
ICS + LABA LAMA and LABA or
or LAMA and PDE4-inh. or SABA and/or SAMA
C
LAMA LABA and PDE4-inh. Theophylline

ICS + LABA ICS + LABA and LAMA or Carbocysteine

and/or ICS+LABA and PDE4-inh. or N-acetylcysteine
D
LAMA LAMA and LABA or SABA and/or SAMA
LAMA and PDE4-inh. Theophylline
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: Pharmacologic Therapy
RECOMMENDED FIRST CHOICE

C D

Exacerbations per year

GOLD 4 ICS + LABA ICS + LABA 2 or more
or and/or or
LAMA LAMA > 1 leading
GOLD 3 to hospital
admission

A B
GOLD 2 1 (not leading
SAMA prn LABA to hospital
or or admission)
GOLD 1 SABA prn LAMA
0

CAT < 10 CAT > 10

mMRC 0-1 mMRC > 2
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: Pharmacologic Therapy
ALTERNATIVE CHOICE

C D
LAMA and LABA ICS + LABA and LAMA

Exacerbations per year

GOLD 4 or
or
2 or more
ICS + LABA and PDE4-inh
LAMA and PDE4-inh or or
or LAMA and LABA > 1 leading
GOLD 3 LABA and PDE4-inh or to hospital
LAMA and PDE4-inh. admission
A B
GOLD 2 LAMA 1 (not leading
or LAMA and LABA to hospital
LABA admission)
GOLD 1 or
SABA and SAMA 0

CAT < 10 CAT > 10

mMRC 0-1 mMRC > 2
2014 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Stable COPD: Pharmacologic Therapy
OTHER POSSIBLE TREATMENTS

C D
SABA and/or SAMA Carbocysteine

Exacerbations per year

GOLD 4 2 or more
N-acetylcysteine or
Theophylline
SABA and/or SAMA > 1 leading
GOLD 3 to hospital
Theophylline admission
A B
GOLD 2 1 (not leading
SABA and/or SAMA to hospital
Theophylline
admission)
GOLD 1 Theophylline
0

CAT < 10 CAT > 10

mMRC 0-1 mMRC > 2
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

n Definition and Overview

n Diagnosis and Assessment
n Therapeutic Options
n Manage Stable COPD
n Manage Exacerbations
n Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 n Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations

An exacerbation of COPD is:

an acute event characterized by a
worsening of the patients respiratory
symptoms that is beyond normal day-
to-day variations and leads to a
change in medication.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Key Points

The most common causes of COPD exacerbations
are viral upper respiratory tract infections and
infection of the tracheobronchial tree.
Diagnosis relies exclusively on the clinical
presentation of the patient complaining of an acute
change of symptoms that is beyond normal day-to-
day variation.
The goal of treatment is to minimize the impact of
the current exacerbation and to prevent the
development of subsequent exacerbations.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Key Points

Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists with or without
short-acting anticholinergics are usually the
preferred bronchodilators for treatment of an
exacerbation.
Systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics can shorten
recovery time, improve lung function (FEV1) and
arterial hypoxemia (PaO2), and reduce the risk of
early relapse, treatment failure, and length of
hospital stay.
COPD exacerbations can often be prevented.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Consequences Of COPD Exacerbations

Negative Impact on
impact on symptoms
quality of life and lung
function

EXACERBATIONS
Accelerated Increased
lung function economic
decline costs
Increased
Mortality

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Assessments

Arterial blood gas measurements (in hospital): PaO2 < 8.0 kPa
with or without PaCO2 > 6.7 kPa when breathing room air
indicates respiratory failure.
Chest radiographs: useful to exclude alternative diagnoses.
ECG: may aid in the diagnosis of coexisting cardiac problems.
Whole blood count: identify polycythemia, anemia or bleeding.
Purulent sputum during an exacerbation: indication to begin
empirical antibiotic treatment.
Biochemical tests: detect electrolyte disturbances, diabetes, and
poor nutrition.
Spirometric tests: not recommended during an exacerbation.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Treatment Options

Oxygen: titrate to improve the patients hypoxemia with a

target saturation of 88-92%.

Bronchodilators: Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists with or

without short-acting anticholinergics are preferred.

Systemic Corticosteroids: Shorten recovery time, improve

lung function (FEV1) and arterial hypoxemia (PaO2), and
reduce the risk of early relapse, treatment failure, and length
of hospital stay. A dose of 40 mg prednisone per day for 5
days is recommended .

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Treatment Options

Oxygen: titrate to improve the patients hypoxemia with a

target saturation of 88-92%.

Bronchodilators: Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists with or

without short-acting anticholinergics are preferred.

Systemic Corticosteroids: Shorten recovery time, improve

lung function (FEV1) and arterial hypoxemia (PaO2), and
reduce the risk of early relapse, treatment failure, and length
of hospital stay. A dose of 40 mg prednisone per day for 5
days is recommended. Nebulized magnesium as an adjuvent
to salbutamol treatment in the setting of acute exacerbations
of COPD has no effect on FEV1.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Treatment Options

Antibiotics should be given to patients with:

Three cardinal symptoms: increased

dyspnea, increased sputum volume, and
increased sputum purulence.
Who require mechanical ventilation.

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Manage Exacerbations: Treatment
Options

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for patients

hospitalized for acute exacerbations of
COPD:
Improves respiratory acidosis, decreases
respiratory rate, severity of dyspnea,
complications and length of hospital stay.
Decreases mortality and needs for
intubation.
GOLD Revision 2011
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Exacerbations: Indications for

Hospital Admission
Marked increase in intensity of symptoms
Severe underlying COPD
Onset of new physical signs
Failure of an exacerbation to respond to initial
medical management
Presence of serious comorbidities
Frequent exacerbations
Older age
Insufficient home support
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

n Definition and Overview

n Diagnosis and Assessment
n Therapeutic Options
n Manage Stable COPD
n Manage Exacerbations
n Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 n Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Comorbidities

COPD often coexists with other diseases

(comorbidities) that may have a significant
impact on prognosis. In general, presence of
comorbidities should not alter COPD treatment
and comorbidities should be treated as if the
patient did not have COPD.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Comorbidities

Cardiovascular disease (including ischemic

heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation,
and hypertension) is a major comorbidity in
COPD and probably both the most frequent
and most important disease coexisting with
COPD. Benefits of cardioselective beta-blocker
treatment in heart failure outweigh potential
risk even in patients with severe COPD.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

Manage Comorbidities

Osteoporosis and anxiety/depression: often under-

diagnosed and associated with poor health status and
prognosis.
Lung cancer: frequent in patients with COPD; the most
frequent cause of death in patients with mild COPD.
Serious infections: respiratory infections are especially
frequent.
Metabolic syndrome and manifest diabetes: more
frequent in COPD and the latter is likely to impact on
prognosis.
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

n Definition and Overview

n Diagnosis and Assessment
n Therapeutic Options
n Manage Stable COPD
n Manage Exacerbations
n Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 n Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD

ASTHMA COPD OVERLAP SYNDROME

This chapter was prepared by members of the GOLD

and GINA Science Committees. It appears in GOLD
2015 as an Appendix. It appears in GINA 2014 as
chapter 5. The following slides are part of a
teaching slide set produced by GINA. Other slides
from this set can be found on the GINA website:
www.ginasthma.org
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Definitions

Asthma
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway
inflammation. It is defined by the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and in intensity,
together with variable expiratory airflow limitation. [GINA 2014]
COPD
COPD is a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent
airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with enhanced chronic
inflammatory responses in the airways and the lungs to noxious particles or gases.
Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity in individual
patients. [GOLD 2015]
Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) [a description]
Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is characterized by persistent airflow
limitation with several features usually associated with asthma and several features
usually associated with COPD. ACOS is therefore identified by the features that it
shares with both asthma and COPD.
GINA 2014, Box 5-1 Global Initiative for Asthma
 Usual features of asthma, COPD and
ACOS
Feature Asthma COPD ACOS
Age of onset Usually childhood but can Usually >40 years Usually 40 years, but may
commence at any age have had symptoms as
child/early adult
Pattern of Symptoms vary over time Chronic usually continuous Respiratory symptoms
respiratory (day to day, or over longer symptoms, particularly including exertional dyspnea
symptoms period), often limiting during exercise, with better are persistent, but variability
activity. Often triggered by and worse days may be prominent
exercise, emotions
including laughter, dust, or
exposure to allergens
Lung function Current and/or historical FEV1 may be improved by Airflow limitation not fully
variable airflow limitation, therapy, but post-BD
- reversible, but often with
e.g. BD reversibility, AHR FEV1/FVC <0.7 persists current or historical
variability
Lung function May be normal Persistent airflow limitation Persistent airflow limitation
between
symptoms

GINA 2014, Box 5-2A (1/3) Global Initiative for Asthma

 Usual features of asthma, COPD and
ACOS (continued)
Feature Asthma COPD ACOS
Past history or Many patients have History of exposure to Frequently a history of
family history allergies and a personal noxious particles or gases doctor-diagnosed
- asthma
history of asthma in (mainly tobacco smoking or (current or previous),
childhood and/or family biomass fuels) allergies, family history of
history of asthma asthma, and/or a history of
noxious exposures
Time course Often improves Generally slowly progressive Symptoms are partly but
spontaneously or with over years despite treatment significantly reduced by
treatment, but may result in treatment. Progression is
fixed airflow limitation usual and treatment needs
are high.
Chest X-ray
- Usually normal Severe hyperinflation and Similar to COPD
other changes of COPD

Exacerbations Exacerbations occur, but Exacerbations can be Exacerbations may be more

risk can be substantially reduced by treatment. If common than in COPD but
reduced by treatment present, comorbidities are reduced by treatment.
contribute to impairment Comorbidities can contribute
to impairment.

GINA 2014, Box 5-2A (2/3) Global Initiative for Asthma

 Features that (when present) favor
asthma or COPD
Feature Favors asthma Favors COPD
Age of onset q Before age 20 years q After age 40 years
Pattern of q Symptoms vary overminutes, hours or days q Symptoms persist despite treatment
respiratory q Worse during night or early morning q Good and bad days, but always daily
symptoms q Triggered by exercise, emotions including symptoms and exertional dyspnea
laughter, dust, or exposure to allergens q Chronic cough and sputum preceded
Syndromic diagnosis of airways disease onset of dyspnea, unrelated to triggers
The shaded
Lung function q Recordcolumns listlimitation
of variable airflow features that, when
q Record present,
of persistent airflow limitation
(spirometry, peak flow) (post-BD FEV /FVC <0.7)
1
best distinguish
q Normal betweenbetween
symptoms asthma and COPD.
q Abnormal between symptoms
Forora patient,
Past history q Previouscount the number
doctor diagnosis of asthma of check
q Previousboxes in each
doctor diagnosis of COPD,
family history chronic bronchitis or emphysema
column.q Family history of asthma, and other allergic
conditions (allergic rhinitis or eczema) q Heavy exposure to a risk factor: tobacco
If 3 or more boxes are checked for either
smoke, biomass asthma
fuels or
Time course q No worseningof symptoms over time. q Symptomsslowly worsening over time
COPD, that diagnosis is suggested.
Symptoms vary seasonally, or from year to (progressive course over years)
If there
year are similar numbers of checked q Rapid-actingboxes in treatment
bronchodilator
q May improve spontaneously, or respond provides only limited relief
each column, the diagnosis
immediately to BD or to ICS over weeks of ACOS should be
Chest X-ray considered.
q Normal q Severe hyperinflation

GINA 2014, Box 5-2B (3/3) Global Initiative for Asthma

 Step 3 - Spirometry

Spirometric variableAsthma COPD ACOS

Normal FEV1/FVC Compatible with asthma Not compatible with Not compatible unless
pre- or post-BD diagnosis (GOLD) other evidence of chronic
airflow limitation
Post-BD FEV1/FVC <0.7 Indicatesairflow Required for diagnosis Usual in ACOS
limitation; may improve by GOLD criteria
FEV1 =80% predicted Compatible with asthma Compatible with GOLD Compatible with mild
(good control, or interval category A or B if post- ACOS
between symptoms) BD FEV1/FVC <0.7
FEV1 <80% predicted Compatible with asthma. Indicates severity of Indicates severity of
A risk factor for airflow limitation and risk airflow limitation and risk
exacerbations of exacerbations and of exacerbations and
mortality mortality
Post-BD increase in Usual at some time in Common in COPD and Common in ACOS, and
FEV1 >12% and 200mL course of asthma; not more likely when FEV1 is more likely when FEV1 is
from baseline (reversible always present low, but consider ACOS low
airflow limitation)
Post-BD increase in High probability of Unusual in COPD. Compatible with
FEV1 >12% and 400mL asthma Consider ACOS diagnosis of ACOS
from baseline
GINA 2014, Box 5-3 Global Initiative for Asthma
 Stepwise approach to diagnosis and
initial treatment

For an adult who presents with

respiratory symptoms:
1. Does the patient have chronic
airways disease?
2. Syndromic diagnosis of
asthma, COPD and ACOS
3. Spirometry
4. Commence initial therapy
5. Referral for specialized
investigations (if necessary)

GINA 2014, Box 5-4 (1/6) Global Initiative for Asthma

 Step 1 Does the patient have chronic
airways disease?

GINA 2014, Box 5-4 (2/6) Global Initiative for Asthma

GINA
GINA 2014
2014, Box 5-4 (3/6) Global Initiative for Asthma
GINA 2014, Box 5-4 (4/6) Global Initiative for Asthma
GINA 2014, Box 5-4 (5/6) Global Initiative for Asthma
GINA 2014, Box 5-4 (6/6) Global Initiative for Asthma
 Step 5 Refer for specialized
investigations if needed

Investigation Asthma COPD

DLCO Normal or slightly elevated Often reduced
Arterial blood gases Normal between In severe COPD, may be abnormal
exacerbations between exacerbations
Airway Not useful on its own in distinguishing asthma and COPD.
hyperresponsiveness High levels favor asthma
High resolution CT Usually normal; may show air Air trapping or emphysema; may
scan trapping and increased airway show bronchial wall thickening and
wall thickness features of pulmonary hypertension
Tests for atopy (sIgE Not essential for diagnosis; Conforms to background
and/or skin prick increases probability of prevalence; does not rule out COPD
tests) asthma
FENO If high (>50ppb) supports Usually normal. Low in current
eosinophilic inflammation smokers
Blood eosinophilia Supports asthma diagnosis May be found during exacerbations
Sputum inflammatory Role in differential diagnosis not established in large populations
cell analysis

GINA 2014, Box 5-5 Global Initiative for Asthma

Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and
Prevention of COPD, 2015: Chapters

n Definition and Overview

n Diagnosis and Assessment
n Therapeutic Options
n Manage Stable COPD
n Manage Exacerbations
n Manage Comorbidities
Updated 2015 n Asthma COPD Overlap
Syndrome (ACOS)
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management
and Prevention of COPD, 2015: Summary

Prevention of COPD is to a large extent possible

and should have high priority

Spirometry is required to make the diagnosis of

COPD; the presence of a post-bronchodilator
FEV1/FVC < 0.70 confirms the presence of
persistent airflow limitation and thus of COPD

The beneficial effects of pulmonary rehabilitation

and physical activity cannot be overstated

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management
and Prevention of COPD, 2015: Summary

Assessment of COPD requires

assessment of symptoms, degree of
airflow limitation, risk of
exacerbations, and comorbidities
Combined assessment of symptoms
and risk of exacerbations is the basis
for non-pharmacologic and
pharmacologic management of COPD
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management
and Prevention of COPD, 2015: Summary

Treat COPD exacerbations to minimize

their impact and to prevent the
development of subsequent
exacerbations
Look for comorbidities and if present
treat to the same extent as if the
patient did not have COPD
2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 WORLD COPD DAY
November 18, 2015

Raising COPD Awareness Worldwide

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
 Saudi Arabia Bangladesh
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Yeman
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Sweden
Uruguay 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Vietnam
 GOLD Website Address

http://www.goldcopd.org

2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

 ADDITIONAL SLIDES PREPARED BY
PROFESSOR PETER J. BARNES, MD
NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE
LONDON, ENGLAND
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor Peter J. Barnes, MD
National Heart and Lung Institute, London UK
Professor P.J. Barnes, MD, National
Heart and Lung Institute, London UK