Valleytronics

in 2D materials

, ,
Content of Tables
Magnetic field
Spin

Valleytronics
in 2D materials

Valley Light

Berry Phase,
Berry
2D Connection,
materials
Berry Curvature
Content of Tables
Magnetic field
Spin

Valleytronics
in 2D materials

Valley Light

Berry Phase,
Berry
2D Connection,
materials
Berry Curvature
Concept of Valley
Content of Tables
Magnetic field
Spin

Valleytronics
in 2D materials

Valley Light

Berry Phase,
Berry Connection,
2D materials Berry Curvature
+K point : +1/2 pseudo spin

- K point : -1/2 pseudo spin

+K point : +1/2 pseudo spin

- K point : -1/2 pseudo spin

+K point : +1/2 pseudo spin

- K point : -1/2 pseudo spin

Information
Content of Tables
Magnetic field
Spin

Valleytronics
in 2D materials

Valley Light

Berry Phase,
Berry Connection,
2D Berry Curvature,
materials Berry Important
 Physical Importance of Berry Phase and
Berry Curvature Consideration
Why Berry Phase/Curvature?
Most semi-classical schemes lacks of full explanation on
some important physical properties such as
Electric polarization and magnetization with broken time reversal
symmetry
Anomalous electron velocity
Quantum Hall Effect, Anomalous Quantum Hall Effect
 Introductions to Berry Phase
1. Adiabatic Theorem

Theorem. Adiabatic Theorem

A physical state remains its instantaneous eigenstates if a given perturbation is acting on it
slowly enough and if there is a gap between the eigenvalue and the rest of Hamiltonians
spectrum

Time evolution of n-th eigenstate of Time evolution of n-th eigenstate of

Time independent Hamiltonian Time dependent Hamiltonian

Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 1995

 Introductions to Berry Phase
2. Nonholonomic Processes

A system, which does not return to

its original state when parallel-transported along
a closed loop, is said to be nonholonomic

e.g. parallel transport of pendulum

on Earths surface
(Foucault Pendulum)

Illustration of Foucault Pendulum

http://frombork.art.pl/en/foucaults-pendulum/
 Introductions to Berry Phase
3. Definition of Berry Phase

It is quantum mechanics of nonholonomic, adiabatic processes.

The remarkable and rather mysterious result of this paper is that in addition the system
records its history in a deeply geometrical way, whose natural formulation involves phase
functions hidden in parameter-space regions which the system has not visited - M.V.Berry
(13 Jun 1983)
If the Hamiltonian has, adiabatically, taken
a closed path in a parameter space, the n-th
eigenstate returns to its original state with an
additional gauge invariant geometrical phase.

from adiabatic theorem

This phase is called (Geometrical) Berry Phase

Nakahara, M. (2003). GEOMETRY , TOPOLOGY AND PHYSICS, 822, 173204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14700-5

 Berry Phase, Berry connection and Berry Curvature

Note that Berry Phase does not depend on how much time has elapsed.
- Only depends on which path it has taken.
In case where a parameter space which perturbs a Hamiltonian is three dimensional,
we can apply Stokes's Theorem to convert the line integral to surface integral

where we define (Berry connection or Berry vector potential)

And (Berry Curvature)

 Berry Phase, Berry connection and Berry Curvature

All physical observables must be gauge invariant.

- In quantum mechanics, gauge transformations has taken the following form :

Gauge invariant!

Berry curvature can be rewritten as

 Berry Phase, Berry connection and Berry Curvature

Note 1) This alternative form of Berry Curvature doesnt include a path integral
Truly geometrical local quantity
More fundamental than Berry Phase!
Note 2) When degeneracy in energy eigenstate happens at certain point
in parameter space, the point acts like a monopole of Berry curvature flux!
e.g. Two level system
where and is a Pauli matrices
Eigenvalues becomes Degenerates when
 Berryology in Bloch Band
In order to apply Berryology in solid-state physics, identify the Brillouin Zone as
the parameter space of the transformed Hamiltonian H(q) and cell periodic part
( ) as an eigenstate.

with
Blochs Theorem
: Bravais lattice vector

Then Berry Phase and curvature become

Berry connection is omitted because it is gauge variant quantity(Not physically measurable)

 Anomalous electron velocity
Previously, a velocity of semi-classical Bloch electron reads

With a velocity operator

In the presence of uniform E field perturbation,

let A: uniform in space,
k : Gauge invariant crystal-
momentum

where
The second term accounts for anomalous electron velocity which is always
transverse to the electric field.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/280630864_fig1_FIG-2
https://phys.org/news/2015-12-time-resolved-anomalous-velocity.html
 Broken Symmetry of MoS2
Symmetry consideration

Under time reversal operation,

- v, k change sign
- E remains unchanged
Under spatial inversion,
- v, k, E change sign

The above equation must be invariant under time

reversal or spatial inversion operation

If a system has time reversal symmetry

If a system has Inversion symmetry

Xiao, D., Chang, M.-C., & Niu, Q. (2009). Berry Phase Effects on Electronic Properties. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1959
 Valley dependent optical selection rule
For non-degenerate conduction band, Wang Yao, Di Xiao and Qian Niu(2008, citation
below) have shown simple relation between degree of circular polarization ( ),
orbital magnetic moment*( ) and Berry curvature( ).

Where is effective Bohr magneton

=oscillation strength or
a-component of transition dipole moment

* In their derivations, theyve assumed no spin orbit coupling in their parent atom
Yao, W., Xiao, D., & Niu, Q. (2008). Valley-dependent optoelectronics from inversion symmetry breaking. Physical Review B
- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 77(23). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235406
Content of Tables
Magnetic field
Spin

Valleytronics
in 2D materials

Valley Light

Berry Phase,
Berry
2D Connection,
materials
Berry Curvature