Efficient IP Addressing

Subnetting

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 Review: IP Addressing
Suppose hosts had arbitrary addresses
Then every router would need a lot of information
to know how to direct packets toward the host
1.2.3.4 5.6.7.8 2.4.6.8 1.2.3.5 5.6.7.9 2.4.6.9
host ... host host ... host
host host

LAN 1 LAN 2
router router router
WAN WAN

1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5

forwarding table 2
 Review: IP Addressing scalability
Number related hosts from a common subnet
1.2.3.0/24 on the left LAN
5.6.7.0/24 on the right LAN
1.2.3.4 1.2.3.7 1.2.3.156 5.6.7.8 5.6.7.9 5.6.7.212
host ... host host ... host
host host

LAN 1 LAN 2
router router router
WAN WAN

1.2.3.0/24
5.6.7.0/24
forwarding table

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 Review: Scalability- Adding new hosts
No need to update the routers
E.g., adding a new host 5.6.7.213 on the right
Doesnt require adding a new forwarding entry
1.2.3.4 1.2.3.7 1.2.3.156 5.6.7.8 5.6.7.9 5.6.7.212
host ... host host ... host
host host

LAN 1 LAN 2
router router router host
WAN WAN
5.6.7.213
1.2.3.0/24
5.6.7.0/24
forwarding table

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 Some Questions: IP Addressing
How are IP addresses managed
Given out
Single point
Hierarchical
Documentation
Record of what is given out and to whom
Accounting
What remains?

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 Giving out: Obtaining a Block of
Addresses
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the
global coordination of IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Allocates large address blocks to Regional Internet Registries
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
Allocates address blocks within their regions
Allocated to Internet Service Providers and large institutions
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Allocate address blocks to their customers
Who may, in turn, allocate to their customers
Prefix: assigned to an institution
Addresses: assigned by the institution to their nodes

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Regional Internet Registries
Five RIRs to cater to five large global regions
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) for Africa
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for the
United States, Canada, and several parts of the
Caribbean region.
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for
Asia, Australia, and neighboring countries
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information
Centre (LACNIC) for Latin America and parts of the
Caribbean region
RIPE NCC (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East, and
Central Asia
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Record: Figuring Out Who Owns an
Address
Address registries
Public record of address allocations
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should update
when giving addresses to customers
However, records are notoriously out-of-date
Ways to query
http://www.db.ripe.net/whois to find RIPE NCC
database for IP addresses
http://www.geektools.com/whois.php
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 Are 32-bit Addresses Enough?
Not all that many unique addresses
232 = 4,294,967,296 (just over four billion)
Plus, some are reserved for special purposes
And, addresses are allocated in larger blocks
And, many devices need IP addresses
Computers, PDAs, routers, tanks, toasters,
Long-term solution: a larger address space
IPv6 has 128-bit addresses (2128 = 3.403 1038)
Short-term solutions: limping along with IPv4
Private addresses
Network address translation (NAT)
Dynamically-assigned addresses (DHCP)
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 Hard Policy Questions
How much address space per geographic region?
Equal amount per country?
Proportional to the population?
What about addresses already allocated?
Address space portability?
Keep your address block when you change providers?
Keeping the address registries up to date?
What about mergers and acquisitions?
Delegation of address blocks to customers?
As a result, the registries are horribly out of date

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 What the IP Address Meltdown
Means For You
Article in PC world: posted on Dec 1, 2010 5:39 pm: Brief
synopsis
The world is running out of IPv4 Internet addresses, without
which the Internet can't function in its existing form.
This has been known for some time, of course, but the
situation has become a little more urgent with the news that
in October and November, nearly all of the remaining blocks
of addresses were assigned to various Regional Internet
Registries (RIR) around the world.
Remaining five blocks of IP addresses given out by beginning
of 2011 to the five RIRs..

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 Objectives
Economising IP address use:
To subnet an IP Address from given network
requirements
Why subnet
Hierarchy in subnetted addresses
How to subnet
Identify network class
Identify network requirements
Calculate sub-network addresses
Calculate available host addresses
Calculate new subnet mask
Assign new addresses

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 Advantages of Subnetting
With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer
hierarchy:
Network
Subnet
Host

Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not

consuming an entire address space for each
physical network.
Reduces router complexity. Since external
routers do not know about subnetting, the
complexity of routing tables at external 13
 Subnetting
Problem: Organizations have
multiple networks which are University Network
independently managed
Solution 1: Allocate one or Engineering Medical
more addresses for each School School
network
Difficult to manage Library
From the outside of the
organization, each
network must be
addressable.
Solution 2: Add another
level of hierarchy to the IP
Subnetting
addressing structure
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 Two-level hierarchy
The network prefix identifies a network and the host number
identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network).

network prefix host number

How do we know how long the network prefix is?

The network prefix is implicitly defined using class-based
addressing
The network prefix is indicated by a subnet mask or
netmask

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 Subnetting- Three level Hierarchy
Split the host number portion of an IP address into a subnet number
and a (smaller) host number.
Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

Then: extended network prefix

Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization

Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
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 Typical Addressing Plan for an Organization that uses
subnetting
Each layer-2 network (Ethernet segment, FDDI
segment) is allocated a subnet address.
128.143.71.0 / 24

128.143.0.0/16 128.143.16.0 / 24

128.143.7.0 / 24 128.143.8.0 / 24

128.143.17.0 / 24

128.143.22.0 / 24

128.143.136.0 / 24

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 Advantages of Subnetting
With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer
hierarchy:
Network
Subnet
Host
Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming
an entire address space for each physical network.
Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be
identical at all subnetworks.

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 Task: Create subnetwork addresses
Create subnetwork addresses for 20 different network
addresses, using IP address 201.222.5.0
NETWORK 201.222.5.0

201.222.5.11 201.222.5.18

201.222.5.10
201.222.5.22
sales Admin
201.222.5.12 Subnetwork Subnetwork
Router
201.222.5.8 E0 E1 201.222.5.16
201.222.5.9 201.222.5.17

201.222.5.20
201.222.5.13

Routing Table
201.222.5.8 E0
201.222.5.16 E1 201.222.5.19
201.222.5.14 201.222.5.24 E2
201.222.5.21
201.222.5.32 E3

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STEP 1: Convert the decimal dotted notation

Convert the decimal dotted notation address

201.222.5.0 to binary:

11001001.11011110.00000101.00000000

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Step 2: Class of the IP Address
Determine the Class of the IP Address
201.222.5.0:

CLASS C

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Step 3. Find Network portion and Host portion

Based on the Class, determine what part of the IP

address is the network portion and what part of the
address is the host portion:
201.222.5.0
11001001.11011110.00000101.00000000
Network .Network .Network .Host
201. 222. 5. 0

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Step 4: How many bits to borrow

Determine how many bits you need to borrow

from the last octet (host portion) of the IP
Address to give you the needed 20 subnets:

2 to the power of 2 = 4 subnets (less 2)

2 to the power of 3 = 8 subnets (less 2)
2 to the power of 4 = 16 subnets (less 2)
2 to the power of 5 = 32 subnets (less 2)
2 to the power of 6 - 64 subnets (less 2)
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Step 5: Determine how many hosts can you have
on each of those subnets

Since you borrowed five bits from the host for

subnets, determine how many hosts can you
have on each of those subnets?
11001001.11011110.00000101.00000000

Remaining bits = Number of

hosts
2 to the power of 3 = 8 hosts (less 2) giving
you 6 hosts per subnet.

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Step 6: Determine the Binary Subnetworks Field
Numbers
Determine the Subnetworks Numbers from the borrowed 5
bits: 32 possible combinations
Subnet # Binary Subnetwork
1 00000
2 00001
3 00010
4 00011
5 00100
6 00101
7 00110
8 00111
9 01000
10 01001
11 01010
12 01011
13 01100
.. ..
32 11111
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Step 7: Determine the Range of Binary Host
Field Numbers for Each Subnetwork:
Determine the Range of Binary Host Field Numbers for Each Subnetwork:
3 bits: 8 possible hosts on each subnet
Subnet # Binary Subnetwork Range of Host #s
1 00000
2 00001 000 - 111
3 00010 000 - 111
4 00011 000 - 111
5 00100 000 - 111
6 00101 000 - 111
7 00110 000 - 111
8 00111 000 - 111
9 01000 000 - 111

12 01100 000 - 111

.. .. -----------
32 11111

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Step 8: Determine Decimal Host Numbers for Each
Subnetwork
Subnet # Binary Subnetwork Range of Host #s Decimal Host Numbers
1 00000
2 00001 000 - 111 .8 - .15
3 00010 000 - 111 .16 - .23
4 00011 000 - 111 .24 - .31
5 00100 000 - 111 .32 - .39
6 00101 000 - 111 .40 - .47
7 00110 000 - 111 .48 - .55
8 00111 000 - 111 .56 - .63
9 01000 000 - 111 .64 - .71
10 01001 000 - 111 .72 - .79
11 01010 000 - 111 .80 - .87
12 01011 000 - 111 .88 - .95
13 01100 000 - 111 .96 - 103
.. .. ----------- ----------
32 11111
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 Step 9. Determine Our Subnet Addresses:

# Binary Subnetwork Range of Host #s Subnet Address

1 0000 0000
2 0000 1000 201.222.5.8
3 000 1 0 000 201.222.5.16
4 0001 1000 201.222.5.24
5 0010 0000 201.222.5.32
6 0010 1000 201.222.5.40
7 0011 0000 201.222.5.48
8 0011 1000 201.222.5.56
9 0100 0000 201.222.5.64
10 0100 1000 201.222.5.72
11 0101 0000 201.222.5.80
12 0101 1000 201.222.5.88
13 0110 0000 201.222.5.96
.. .. ----------- ---------- ---------------

32 1111 1000
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 Step 10. Determine Host Addresses of the Six
Nodes of Each Subnet:
# Subnetwork Range of Host #s Decimal Host #s Subnet Address Host Address Range
1 00000
2 00001 000 - 111 .8 - .15 201.222.5.8 201.222.5.9 thru 201.222.5.14
3 00010 000 - 111 .16 - .23 201.222.5.16 201.222.5.17 thru 201.222.5.22
4 00011 000 - 111 .24 - .31 201.222.5.24 201.222.5.25 thru 201.222.5.30
5 00100 000 - 111 .32 - .39 201.222.5.32 201.222.5.33 thru 201.222.5.38
6 00101 000 - 111 .40 - .47 201.222.5.40 201.222.5.41 thru 201.222.5.46
7 00110 000 - 111 .48 - .55 201.222.5.48 201.222.5.49 thru 201.222.5.54
8 00111 000 - 111 .56 - .63 201.222.5.56 201.222.5.57 thru 201.222.5.62
9 01000 000 - 111 .64 - .71 201.222.5.64 201.222.5.65 thru 201.222.5.70
10 01001 000 - 111 .72 - .79 201.222.5.72 201.222.5.73 thru 201.222.5.78
11 01010 000 - 111 .80 - .87 201.222.5.80 201.222.5.81 thru 201.222.5.86
12 01011 000 - 111 .88 - .95 201.222.5.88 201.222.5.89 thru 201.222.5.94
13 01100 000 - 111 .96 - 103 201.222.5.96 201.222.5.97 thru 201.222.5.--
.. .. ----------- ---------- --------------- -------------------------------------
32 11111

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Step 12: Find New Subnet mask

Based on the Class, determine the

subnet mask for network 201.222.5.0
(remember that 5 bits were borrowed):
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111 000
Network Network Network Subnet Host

255. 255. 255. 248

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 YOU DID IT!
NETWORK 201.222.5.0

201.222.5.11 201.222.5.18

201.222.5.10
201.222.5.22

201.222.5.12 Subnetwork Subnetwork

Router
201.222.5.8 E0 E1 201.222.5.16
201.222.5.9 201.222.5.17

201.222.5.20
201.222.5.13

Routing Table
201.222.5.8 E0
201.222.5.16 E1 201.222.5.19
201.222.5.14 201.222.5.24 E2
201.222.5.21
201.222.5.32 E3

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 African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC)[1] for Africa
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)[2] for the United States, Canada, and several parts of the Caribbean region.
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)[3] for Asia, Australia, and neighboring countries
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC)[4] for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region
RIPE NCC[5] for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia

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