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    RESEARCH PAPER - Hypothesis (Reporting)

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    Ionacer Viper
    RESEARCHREPORT HYPOTHESIS WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon A speculation or theory that lends itself to further testing and experimentation Is the initial building block in the scientific method Often called an "educated guess" Is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A HYPOTHESIS? Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be simple A simple hypothesis contains one predictor and one outcome variable; Ex. A positive family history of schizophrenia increases the risk of developing the condition in first-degree relatives. Here the single predictor variable is positive family history of schizophrenia and the outcome variable is schizophrenia. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be specific A specific hypothesis leaves no ambiguity about the subjects and variables, or about how the test of statistical significance will be applied. It uses concise operational definitions that summarize the nature and source of the subjects and the approach to measuring variables  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be stated in advance The hypothesis must be stated in writing during the proposal state. This will help to keep the research effort focused on the primary objective and create a stronger basis for interpreting the study’s results as compared to a hypothesis that emerges as a result of inspecting the data.  TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Alternative Hypothesis - States that there is statistical significance between two variables or there is some kind of relation. May take several forms: It can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). Example: Raising the temperature of a cup of coffee will increase the solubility of sugar. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis States there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. States that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis is the formal basis for testing statistical significance. By starting with the proposition that there is no association, statistical tests can estimate the probability that an observed association could be due to chance. Example: If I put half a pack of Mentos into a 2-Liter Diet Coke bottle, there will be no reaction or explosion. HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Preparing to write a Hypothesis: Selecting a topic Gather and Analyze the literature Generate questions Look for clues as to what the answer might be Determining variables Generate a general hypothesis HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Decide on direction Get specific Make sure it is testable Create your null hypothesis Test your hypothesis Sample: Make your Hypothesis A worker on a fish-farm notices that his trout seem to have more fish lice in the summer, when the water levels are low, and wants to find out why. His research leads him to believe that the amount of oxygen is the reason - fish that are oxygen stressed tend to be more susceptible to disease and parasites. Sample: Make your Hypothesis “Water levels affect the amount of lice suffered by rainbow trout.” This is a good general hypothesis, but it gives no guide to how to design the research or experiment. The hypothesis must be refin

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    RESEARCH PAPER - Hypothesis (Reporting)

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    Ionacer Viper
    177 views18 pages
    RESEARCHREPORT HYPOTHESIS WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon A speculation or theory that lends itself to further testing and experimentation Is the initial building block in the scientific method Often called an "educated guess" Is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A HYPOTHESIS? Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be simple A simple hypothesis contains one predictor and one outcome variable; Ex. A positive family history of schizophrenia increases the risk of developing the condition in first-degree relatives. Here the single predictor variable is positive family history of schizophrenia and the outcome variable is schizophrenia. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be specific A specific hypothesis leaves no ambiguity about the subjects and variables, or about how the test of statistical significance will be applied. It uses concise operational definitions that summarize the nature and source of the subjects and the approach to measuring variables  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be stated in advance The hypothesis must be stated in writing during the proposal state. This will help to keep the research effort focused on the primary objective and create a stronger basis for interpreting the study’s results as compared to a hypothesis that emerges as a result of inspecting the data.  TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Alternative Hypothesis - States that there is statistical significance between two variables or there is some kind of relation. May take several forms: It can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). Example: Raising the temperature of a cup of coffee will increase the solubility of sugar. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis States there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. States that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis is the formal basis for testing statistical significance. By starting with the proposition that there is no association, statistical tests can estimate the probability that an observed association could be due to chance. Example: If I put half a pack of Mentos into a 2-Liter Diet Coke bottle, there will be no reaction or explosion. HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Preparing to write a Hypothesis: Selecting a topic Gather and Analyze the literature Generate questions Look for clues as to what the answer might be Determining variables Generate a general hypothesis HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Decide on direction Get specific Make sure it is testable Create your null hypothesis Test your hypothesis Sample: Make your Hypothesis A worker on a fish-farm notices that his trout seem to have more fish lice in the summer, when the water levels are low, and wants to find out why. His research leads him to believe that the amount of oxygen is the reason - fish that are oxygen stressed tend to be more susceptible to disease and parasites. Sample: Make your Hypothesis “Water levels affect the amount of lice suffered by rainbow trout.” This is a good general hypothesis, but it gives no guide to how to design the research or experiment. The hypothesis must be refin

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    RESEARCHREPORT HYPOTHESIS WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon A speculation or theory that lends itself to further testing and experimentation Is the initial building block in the scientific method Often called an "educated guess" Is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A HYPOTHESIS? Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be simple A simple hypothesis contains one predictor and one outcome variable; Ex. A positive family history of schizophrenia increases the risk of developing the condition in first-degree relatives. Here the single predictor variable is positive family history of schizophrenia and the outcome variable is schizophrenia. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be specific A specific hypothesis leaves no ambiguity about the subjects and variables, or about how the test of statistical significance will be applied. It uses concise operational definitions that summarize the nature and source of the subjects and the approach to measuring variables  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be stated in advance The hypothesis must be stated in writing during the proposal state. This will help to keep the research effort focused on the primary objective and create a stronger basis for interpreting the study’s results as compared to a hypothesis that emerges as a result of inspecting the data.  TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Alternative Hypothesis - States that there is statistical significance between two variables or there is some kind of relation. May take several forms: It can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). Example: Raising the temperature of a cup of coffee will increase the solubility of sugar. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis States there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. States that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis is the formal basis for testing statistical significance. By starting with the proposition that there is no association, statistical tests can estimate the probability that an observed association could be due to chance. Example: If I put half a pack of Mentos into a 2-Liter Diet Coke bottle, there will be no reaction or explosion. HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Preparing to write a Hypothesis: Selecting a topic Gather and Analyze the literature Generate questions Look for clues as to what the answer might be Determining variables Generate a general hypothesis HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Decide on direction Get specific Make sure it is testable Create your null hypothesis Test your hypothesis Sample: Make your Hypothesis A worker on a fish-farm notices that his trout seem to have more fish lice in the summer, when the water levels are low, and wants to find out why. His research leads him to believe that the amount of oxygen is the reason - fish that are oxygen stressed tend to be more susceptible to disease and parasites. Sample: Make your Hypothesis “Water levels affect the amount of lice suffered by rainbow trout.” This is a good general hypothesis, but it gives no guide to how to design the research or experiment. The hypothesis must be refin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    177 views18 pages

    RESEARCH PAPER - Hypothesis (Reporting)

    Uploaded by

    Ionacer Viper
    RESEARCHREPORT HYPOTHESIS WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon A speculation or theory that lends itself to further testing and experimentation Is the initial building block in the scientific method Often called an "educated guess" Is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A HYPOTHESIS? Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be simple A simple hypothesis contains one predictor and one outcome variable; Ex. A positive family history of schizophrenia increases the risk of developing the condition in first-degree relatives. Here the single predictor variable is positive family history of schizophrenia and the outcome variable is schizophrenia. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be specific A specific hypothesis leaves no ambiguity about the subjects and variables, or about how the test of statistical significance will be applied. It uses concise operational definitions that summarize the nature and source of the subjects and the approach to measuring variables  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis should be stated in advance The hypothesis must be stated in writing during the proposal state. This will help to keep the research effort focused on the primary objective and create a stronger basis for interpreting the study’s results as compared to a hypothesis that emerges as a result of inspecting the data.  TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Alternative Hypothesis - States that there is statistical significance between two variables or there is some kind of relation. May take several forms: It can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). Example: Raising the temperature of a cup of coffee will increase the solubility of sugar. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis States there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. States that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis is the formal basis for testing statistical significance. By starting with the proposition that there is no association, statistical tests can estimate the probability that an observed association could be due to chance. Example: If I put half a pack of Mentos into a 2-Liter Diet Coke bottle, there will be no reaction or explosion. HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Preparing to write a Hypothesis: Selecting a topic Gather and Analyze the literature Generate questions Look for clues as to what the answer might be Determining variables Generate a general hypothesis HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS Decide on direction Get specific Make sure it is testable Create your null hypothesis Test your hypothesis Sample: Make your Hypothesis A worker on a fish-farm notices that his trout seem to have more fish lice in the summer, when the water levels are low, and wants to find out why. His research leads him to believe that the amount of oxygen is the reason - fish that are oxygen stressed tend to be more susceptible to disease and parasites. Sample: Make your Hypothesis “Water levels affect the amount of lice suffered by rainbow trout.” This is a good general hypothesis, but it gives no guide to how to design the research or experiment. The hypothesis must be refin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    RESEARCH

    REPORT
    HYPOTHESI
    S
    WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?
    Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon
    A speculation or theory that lends itself to
    further testing and experimentation
    Is the initial building block in thescientific method
    Often called an "educated guess"
    Is the statement created by researchers when
    they speculate upon the outcome of a research
    or experiment
    WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A
    HYPOTHESIS?
    Any useful hypothesis will enablepredictionsby
    reasoning(includingdeductive reasoning).
    It might predict the outcome of anexperimentin a
    laboratorysetting or the observation of a phenomenon
    innature.
    The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk
    about probabilities.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
    HYPOTHESIS
    A. Hypothesis should be simple
    .A simple hypothesis contains one predictor and one
    outcome variable;
    Ex.
    1. A positive family history of schizophrenia increases the
    risk of developing the condition in first-degree relatives.
    Here the single predictor variable is positive family history of
    schizophrenia and the outcome variable is schizophrenia.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
    HYPOTHESIS
    B. Hypothesis should be specific

    .A specific hypothesis leaves no ambiguity about the


    subjects and variables, or about how the test of
    statistical significance will be applied.

    .It uses concise operational definitions that summarize


    the nature and source of the subjects and the approach
    to measuring variables
    CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
    HYPOTHESIS
    C. Hypothesis should be stated in advance

    .The hypothesis must be stated in writing during the


    proposal state.

    .This will help to keep the research effort focused on the


    primary objective and create a stronger basis for
    interpreting the studys results as compared to a
    hypothesis that emerges as a result of inspecting the
    data.
    TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
    A. Alternative Hypothesis
    - States that there is statistical significance between two variables
    or there is some kind of relation.
    -.May take several forms:
    .It can be two-sided (for example: there issomeeffect, in a yet
    unknown direction)
    .or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or
    negative, is fixed in advance).
    .Example: Raising the temperature of a cup of coffee will increase
    the solubility of sugar.
    TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
    B. Null Hypothesis
    .States there is no statistical significance between the
    two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that
    the researcher is trying to disprove.
    .States that there is no relation between the phenomena
    whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of
    the form given by the alternative hypothesis.
    TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
    B. Null Hypothesis
    .The null hypothesis is the formal basis for testing
    statistical significance. By starting with the proposition
    that there is no association, statistical tests can
    estimate the probability that an observed association
    could be due to chance.
    .Example: If I put half a pack of Mentos into a 2-Liter
    Diet Coke bottle, there will be no reaction or explosion.
    HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS
    Preparing to write a Hypothesis:
    1. Selecting a topic
    2. Gather and Analyze the literature
    3. Generate questions
    4. Look for clues as to what the answer might be
    5. Determining variables
    6. Generate a general hypothesis
    HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS
    7. Decide on direction

    8. Get specific

    9. Make sure it is testable

    10.Create your null hypothesis

    11. Test your hypothesis


    Sample: Make your
    Hypothesis
    A worker on a fish-farm notices that his trout seem to

    have more fish lice in the summer, when the water levels

    are low, and wants to find out why. His research leads

    him to believe that the amount of oxygen is the reason -

    fish that are oxygen stressed tend to be more susceptible

    to disease and parasites.


    Sample: Make your
    Hypothesis
    Water levels affect the amount of lice

    suffered by rainbow trout.

    This is a good general hypothesis, but it gives no guide to how

    to design theresearchorexperiment. The hypothesis must be

    refined to give a little direction.


    Sample: Make your
    Hypothesis
    Rainbow trout suffer more lice when
    water levels are low.

    Now there is some directionality, but the hypothesis is not


    reallytestable, so the final stage is todesign an experiment
    around which research can be designed, a testable hypothesis.
    Sample: Make your
    Hypothesis
    Rainbow trout suffer more lice in low
    water conditions because there is less
    oxygen in the water.
    This is a testable hypothesis - he has establishedvariables, and
    by measuring the amount of oxygen in the water, eliminating
    othercontrolled variables, such as temperature, he can see if
    there is acorrelationagainst the number of lice on the fish.
    TIPS!
    1. When examining the literature, look for research
    that is similar to what you want to do, and try to
    build on the findings of other researchers.

    2. Be specific in your hypotheses

    3. Keep your feelings and opinions out of your


    research.
    TIPS!
    1. When examining the literature, look for research
    that is similar to what you want to do, and try to
    build on the findings of other researchers.

    2. Be specific in your hypotheses

    3. Keep your feelings and opinions out of your


    research.

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