What Is XRF ?: Prepared by Lusi Mustika Sari
What Is XRF ?: Prepared by Lusi Mustika Sari
What Is XRF ?: Prepared by Lusi Mustika Sari
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What is XRF?
Analysis as push button method
Precise: 0.1 0.3 % relative
Accurate: LLDs 0.1 ppm to 100%
Easy sample preparation without chemicals
Fast throughput time of analysis (sample
preparation and measuring)
Fit for integration and automation
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of all
elements from Be to U
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What is XRF?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba L Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra A
L La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
A Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Where is XRF used?
Materials characterization and (process)
monitoring in research, development, engineering
and product and quality control a.o. for:
Chemical and petrochemical
Cement and industrial minerals
Mining
Steel and non-ferrous
Environmental and pollution
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic
Food
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What are X-rays ?
Electromagnetic radiation: Wavelength 0.01 nm - 10.0 nm
hc 1.2396
E (keV )
(nm) (nm)
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The X-ray tube
The x-ray tube
filament
acceleration voltage
current
vacuum
anode material
exit window
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X-ray generation in - End Window Tubes
Super Transmission
Sharp Tube Target Tube
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The side window x-ray tube
20..100kV
anode
Current
electrons
filament
Bewindow X-rayphotons
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Production of x-rays in a sample
d
F lu o r e s c e n c e
In c o m in g x - r a y s
P a s s e d x -ra y s
R a y le ig h
S c a tte r
C o m p to n
S c a tte r
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Production of x-rays in a sample
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Characteristic lines: electron shells
Example:
Fe-K1 = Fe K-LIII
= 7.111-0.708
keV
= 6.403 keV
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The X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Schematic System Design
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ED-XRF vs WD-XRF
S a m p le S a m p le
P r im a r y
c o llim a to r
S o u rc e S o u rc e
D e te c to r
D e te c to r
A n a ly s in g c r y s ta l
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Epsilon 3 Axios
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ED-XRF
The voltage of the pulse produced within a
detector is proportional to the x-ray photon
energy that produces it.
Detector may be solid state e.g. Si(Li), a gas-
filled proportional counter or scintillation counter.
Pulses are sorted by energy in a multi-channel
analyser, where the channel number is
proportional to pulse voltage and the number of
pulses in each channel are counted.
Elemental range is Na U, from ppm to 100%
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ED XRF system
channel
counts
sample
energy (KeV)
X-ray tube
amplifier and
multi-channel
detector analyser
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ED-XRF
Advantages
All elements can be measured simultaneously.
Relatively inexpensive.
Simple operation and maintenance
Disadvantages
Poor performance for light elements
Poor resolution for light elements.
Some detectors require liquid N2.
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EDXRF optics: basic differences
S a m p le
X -ra y tu b e S a m p le
X -ra y tu b e
S e c o n d a r y ta r g e t
D e te c to r
D e te c to r
Epsilon 3 Epsilon
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Simple 2D EDXRF Optics
X-ray tube
Detector Typically a Rh-anode
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Polarized EDXRF
Sample
Polarised optical
Polarized
Fluorescent
design
x-rays
radiation Very low
backgrounds
Tube
High
Non-polarized peak:background
primary radiation ratio
Best LLDs
Targets Detector
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2D vs. 3D optics
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EDXRF System
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WD-XRF
Uses single crystals or multilayer to
diffract selected wavelength into the
detection system.
High resolution for all elements.
Quantitative and qualitative analyses.
Elemental range is Be U, from ppm to
100%
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WD XRF system
CPS
sample
degrees 2
primary
collimator
X-ray tube
amplifier,
PHS and
detecto counting
r circuitry
analysing crystal
2
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WD-XRF
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The WDXRF Spectrometer
Schematic Diagram Axios
The WDXRF Spectrometer
Schematic Diagram Axios-Fast
The WDXRF Spectrometer
Bragg's law:
2d sin=n
WDXRF System
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Direct excitation Secondary excitatio
S a m p le S a m p le
X -ra y tu b e S a m p le
P ro m a ry
c o llim a t o r
X -ra y tu b e
D e te c to r
X -ra y tu b e
S e c o n d a r y ta r g e t
A n a ly s in g c r y s ta l D e te c to r
2 D e te c to r
I I
P1 P3 P3
P1 P3 P1
P2 P2 P2
P4
B3
B1 B4 B B
B2
P4
E E E
WDXRF EDXRF Polarized
EDXRF 32
XRD Family
Thank
you