Interior wall finishes

a building construction report

 TYPES OF FINISHES
Wall Paneling/ Cladding
Wall Paper
Wall Painting

Panelin
g

Structura
Vacuum Wood, Gypsum Metal, Stone, Fabric,
l EPS, PVC
insulated Glass board Acrylic Corian Tile
insulated

Painting

Lime wash Cement Elastometri Textured Emulsion

Gloss paints
paint c paints paints paints
 PVC PANELLING
Polyvinyl chloride or 'PVC' is a modern synthetic material and an important
member of the extensive polymers 'family'. Nowadays its used in almost
every industry , one way or the other. In construction industry it is used for
wall cladding, partitions etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
No splitting, cracking, warping or rotting
No painting or varnishing
Ease of fabrication and installation
Time and labour saving
Consistency in quality
High durability
Wide colour and design ranges
Reusability

PVC Paneling used in:

Pvc panels are excellent for use in homes, offices, shops or factories
To damp or damaged walls by fitting 38mmx 19mm battens horizontally at
600mm centers with screws into wall plugs and, if required, a breather
membrane.
To a wall or ceiling with a clean flat surface using adhesive (no battening
required).
To a wall or ceiling with ceramic tiles, using a moisture cure or solvent free
adhesive (tiles do not have to be removed).

Fixing:
The mild steel square sections ( 25 x
25mm, 20 x 20mm, 25 x 50mm, 37.5 x
37.5mm) are welded together to form a
framework and is then painted. It is then
grouted to the ground and then L-section
(in paneling), U-section (in partitions), is
screwed to the mild steel framework. The
first PVC panel is slid in the L-section/U-
section, and then a continuous band of
interlocking panels are used to fill up the
framework.
 SIZES OF FRAMEWORK
AND PVC PANELLING
Material Length/Width Prices

Mild Steel (Sq Section) 6000/25 Rs 9/t

6000/20 Rs 7/t

U section (25x12.5mm) 3000 Rs 25/t

L section ((25x12.5mm) 3000 Rs 25/t

Panels
THICKNESS COST OF A COST OF
PANEL(Rs.sq.ft) PANELLING(Rs.sq.ft.)

6 mm 25 30

8 mm 30 30

10 mm 35 30

Side strip

SIZE RATE PVC cladding is available in many

popular widths including 10
19 mm x 19 3 Rs./ft. cm( 3.94"), 16.7 cm(6.6"), 25
mm cm( 9.84"), 33 cm(13"), 37.5 cm
(14.75 ") and 40.7 cm(16"). Many
38 mm x 38 7 Rs./ft. lengths are available ranging
mm
from 2.40 Meters (7 10.5") up to
6.0 meters( 19 8"), the most
common sizes of which 2.40,
2.44(8), 2.70 and 6.0 meters.
 WOODEN PANELING

INSTALLATION OF VERTICAL PANELS

Ready to install once all underlying studding, drywall, and taping compounds are
thoroughly dried.

Use a continuous vapour (plastic or foil) between panel and existing wall when
applying to the inside of any unfinished exterior wall or masonry/concrete wall.

Acclimatize panels by placing individual panels upright, with panel backs facing
out, around room to be paneled, 48-72 hours prior to installation.

Leave space of 1/16" between panels and at corners, doors, windows, moldings,
etc. Cut panels 1/2" shorter than height to allow 1/4" gaps at top and bottom.
Panels can be applied directly to studs (16" centers or less). If studs are further
apart, install panels panels over solid backing such as drywall or plywood, using
panel adhesive and nails.
 HORIZONTAL PANELS
Horizontal panelling may be fixed with nails and/or stud adhesive
directly to the common wall studs while, vertical panelling will need
added horizontal support, in the form of nogging (blocking) between
the studs or full battens over the face of the wall. The smoothness of
the finished panelling will depend largely on the straightness and
spacing of the supporting Embers. Table below provides a guide to
maximum support spacings.
 SIZES AVAILABLE
PLYWOOD
Standard Thickness (in mm) Standard Size (in cm)

3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 19 and 2 214 x 122 244 x 122

184 x 122 154 x 122
244 x 92 214 x 92
184 x 92 154 x 92
BLOCK BOARD
Standard Thickness (in mm)
Standard Size (in cm) 15/16, 18/19, 24/25, 30, 32, 38 and 40
244 x 122 244 x 92
214 x 122 214 x 92 FIBRE BOARD
184 x 122 184 x 92
154 x 122 154 x 92 SIZES AVAILABLE 8 X 4 , 7 X 4 , 6 X
4 , 7 X 3 , 6 X 3

PARTICLE BOARD WOOD WOOL CEMENT BOARD

They available in boards of Available in boards of

sizes 8 X 4 and of thickness sizes 4 X 2 and 18 and
8,12 and 18 mm 25 mm thick

Finishes On Block Board

-Laminate
- Wood Veneer With Polish
- Paints
- Polish

The most usual applied

internal finishes are
Spray painting with
water, emulsion or flat
paint
Plaster rendering
 FABRIC PANELING
TYPES OF FABRICS
HEMP
RAMIE
JUTE
LINEN
NYLON
POLYESTER
RAYON
SPANDEX
USE OF FABRIC FOR ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS
These acoustic panels are used to reduce reverberation noise levels in buildings
such as lecture theatres, music rooms, offices, boardrooms,
sports and community halls, classrooms,cinemas,interview rooms and
many other applications.

MANUFACTURE
These acoustic panels are made from resin bonded fiberglass specifically tooled
and pressed for maximum sound absorption. The panels are fabric finished hence
forming an acoustic panel which is decorative, durable and resistant to mild
impacts.

FIRE SAFETY
The acoustic glass fibre core is rated as Class0 to BS476. Standard fabrics comply
with Part7 (class1) to BS476.

WEIGHT
The panels weigh approximately 3Kg/m. The Upvc trims weigh approx. 1Kg/length.

CUTTING
The panels can be cut with a sharp knife.

FABRIC MAINTENANCE
Fabric coverings can be wiped clean with a damp cloth and vacuumed or brushed
periodically
 Fiberglass Absorption Panels
- These sound absorption panels are an efficient, durable, cost effective solution
for reducing excessive reverberation in large spaces. They consist of an
acoustic fiberglass core with a high quality fabric covering.

- They are easy to install, lightweight and can be

made in a wide range of custom sizes. Fixing can be
with optional impaling clips or adhesive. Units can
also be supplied with a wooden frame surround for
ceiling or wall mounting.

- Units can also be custom made with 'Z' clips for easy
ceiling application and split batons for easy wall
mounting which is ideal if you require them to be
removable.

Cara Range DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF FABRIC

Composition:100% Polyolefin. AVAILABLE
Weight:220g/m +/- 5%
Width:170cm +/- 2% usable
Maintenance:Wipe clean with a damp
cloth
Flammability:BS 476 Part7 Class 1,BS
EN
1021 - 1 : 1994 (cigarette)
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS
2700mm x
Panel Sizes: 1200mm
2400mm x
1200mm
2100mm x
1200mm
1800mm x
1200mm
1500mm x
1200mm
1200mm x
1200mm
900mm x
1200mm
Thickness: 25mm

White Upvc fixing 2700mm

trims: lengths
 INSTALLATION
METHOD 1.
For wall mounting a split batten is fixed to the wall. The acoustic panel is offered
up to the wall brackets and simply lowered in place. The split batten on the back
of the panels allows easy removal as well as providing an additional airspace
behind the absorber for improved acoustic absorption.

For flush mounting wall panels the metal Z clip system can be used if specified
in advance.

METHOD 2.

For ceiling mounting the female Z clip is fixed to the ceiling. Again the panel
is simply lifted up and dropped down onto the ceiling clip.

METHOD 3.

Metal impaling clips are screwed into the wall. Adhesive is applied to the
panel and the wall. The panel is then offered up against the wall spikes and
fixed in place. This method does not allow easy removal of the panels.
 CERAMIC TILE
PANELING
Ceramic wall tiles are normally porous, which favours their adhesion to walls.
On the contrary, floor tiles have low porosity, with low-medium water
absorption, which gives them better technical characteristics.
Traditionally, tiles were manufactured following different methods and by
means of a practically manual process. As from the seventies, the process has
gradually been automated and methods have been unified considerably, with
dry pressing being the most common and allowing the product to be
manufactured in two different ways

Wet milling Spray drying - Pressing - Drying - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing

(Variable without glazing and with or without polishing) (Variable with
cogeneration).
Dry milling - Pressing - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing. Raw materials preparation -
Mixing - Extrusion - (Glazing) - Firing.

FIXTURE
SIZES
Mosaic tile available in size Ceramic tiles available in
20x20mm size
25x25mm, 150x150mm 200x60mm
50x25mm, 150x200mm, 200x70 mm
37.5x35.7mm 200x200mm, 200x75mm
50x50mm 300x300mm

Mosaic glass tiles thickness Ceramic tiles thickness

4mm 8mm
10mm

Rates-rs 12 sq ft to rs 90sq ft (ceramic tiles)

rs 90 sqft forglass (mosaic tiles)

Today glazed tiles, commonly called ceramic tiles, are

infinitely used in a numerous ways throughout the world, and one
doesnt have to be amongst the wealthy to own them.

In commercial buildings, where both beauty and durability

are considerations, ceramic tiles will be found, particularly in lobby
areas and restrooms. Ceramic Tiles have come to become a part of
life.

They are also the choice of industry, where walls and floors
must resist chemicals. Spreading its fame across the galaxy its a
known fact that even the space shuttle never leaves earth without its
protective jacket of high-tech, heat-resistant tiles.

 WALL PAPER
Wallpaper has always been a quick, colorful way to give a room style and
visual interest where the roll of paper is glued onto the wall using a suitable
adhesive.

SIZE of one roll of wall paper is 53.7cm X 10 m which caters to an area of 53sq m.

COST of one roll of wall paper ranges from Rs 140 to Rs 500 and if it is imported
costs upto Rs 1200

COMMON PROBLEMS - ripped seams, bubbles, punctures, tears.

And if these problems are not fixed right away, one might have to replace
the entire piece of wall covering.

REPAIRS FOR WALL PAPER

FOR A PEELED SEAM, begin by SMOOTH OUT THE paper using a wooden
applying a little seam adhesive to seam roller, then wipe off any excess
the wallpaper with a narrow adhesive with a damp sponge.
artist's paint brush.

ACCESS A TRAPPED air bubble in vinyl wall
FOR DOUBLE-CUT patches, use a
covering by cutting a tiny, vertical slit with
sharp razor knife and steel
a sharp razor knife.
straightedge guide to slice through

both layers of the wallpaper.
USE A GLUE SYRINGE to force seam

FILL ANY HOLES with spackling adhesive under the bubble. Then
compound after removing the patch and smooth out the repair to remove
peeling off the damaged wallpaper excess glue.
section.

 WALL PAINTS
o Water-based paint dries purely by evaporation,
while oil-based paint has a chemical drying agent
added.
WATER
o Paints with a water base are not as hard or BASED
durable as those with an oil base although they
PAINTS
OIL
are improving all the time.
BASED
o The greatest advantage of water-based paint is
that brushes and rollers can be washed out in
water; no special cleaning agent is needed.
PAINTS AVAILABLE AT THE MARKET
o LIME WASH
- a traditional way of painting the exterior walls, used in small cities. (Choona)
o CEMENT PAINTS
These are economical, durable and decorative paints made with a base of white
Portland cement. A quantity of aluminum stearate is also added to act as water
repellent. They have granules of calcium carbonate CaCO3 having maximum sizes smaller
than 100 microns, a vitreous aggregate
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Snowcem, Berger (Wallmasta and Weathercoat), Dicocem, Nerolac
Surakhsha
RATES: ranging from 100/- a bag of 25 kgs
to 700/- per bag
LIFE: max. 3-4 years
o LIME WASH
- a traditional way of painting the exterior walls, used in small cities. (Choona)
o CEMENT PAINTS
These are economical, durable and decorative paints made with a base of white
Portland cement. A quantity of aluminum stearate is also added to act as water
repellent. They have granules of calcium carbonate CaCO3 having maximum sizes smaller
than 100 microns, a vitreous aggregate
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Snowcem, Berger (Wallmasta and Weathercoat), Dicocem, Nerolac
Surakhsha
RATES: ranging from 100/- a bag of 25 kgs
to 700/- per bag
LIFE: max. 3-4 years
o TEXTURED PAINTS
These are textured paints which are much more flexible than acrylic emulsions.
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Spectrum, Munroe, Heritage
RATES: ranging from 100/-per SQ. M. TO 3000/- PER DRUM OF 20 LTS.
LIFE: max. 8-10 years
note: all these paints are available in quality 1 and quality 2 grades, as per their
chemical composition and life.
 OTHER TYPES OF PAINT
Primer - These may be oil or water based and are used to seal
unpainted surfaces to prevent covering coats of paint soaking in. The
appropriate type of primer should be used for the surface being painted -
wood, metal, plaster or tiles. There are some 'all purpose primers'
available which are designed for two or more of these surfaces. The first
coat of paint can also be used in stead of applying the primer.The primer
dries up in about 5-6 hrs.
BRAND NAMES- ASIAN-APEX, NEROLAC
RATES- Rs80/lt
Wall putty -
It is used to fill up the holes and smoothen the surface on which the
paint is to be applied.
BRAND NAMES-BIRLA
Undercoat - Usually oil-based, undercoat is applied on top of the primer.
The undercoat should be of the correct color to provide the right color
base for the finishing coats.
Distemper is an ancient type of paint made of water, chalk and
pigment, bound with either an animal glue or the adhesive qualities
of casein (a resin that comes from solidified milk).
Distemper is a thin paint that is not durable, but can be made
inexpensively and tinted nearly any color. It is used on interior
surfaces or outside in regions that seldom. Soft distemper has a
velvety, matt finish and is used almost exclusively internally due to its
water solubility
LACQUER - a thermoplastic polymer dissolved in an organic solvent.
High molecular weight polymers are necessary, and since the polymer
molecules are dissolved, the amount of polymer dissolved in the solvent
is low. Advantages of acrylic lacquers:
good for brilliant metallic colors
2. excellent exterior durability
3. gloss retention
4. continued solubility makes repair jobs easier.
o Fire-retardant - These special paints contain an additive to provide a
fire-resistant quality, they do not resist fire completely, but has a greater
flame resistance than ordinary paint and will reduce their spread.

o Bituminous - Although often not considered as a paint, bitumen is used

where a water proof coating is required. Bitumen does not dry in the
normal sense used with paint. It can crack if stressed when frozen and
will run (or at least become sticky to the touch) in hot weather. Thick and
usually black, bitumen is for areas where high water resistance is needed
and appearance is not important.
 APPLICATION
PREPARATION OF NEWLY PLASTERED SURFACE
Repair surface defects and ensure that the plaster is fully cured.
Use sand paper to remove all lose sand.
Scrape off fungus, mould growth and salt deposits.

PREPARATION OF PREVIOUSLY PLASTERED SURFACE

Repair surface defects. Remove soft, blistered, loose or flake paint, chalk, dust
by sand paper, wire or coir brush.
Scrape off thoroughly coatings of lime wash or dry distempers.
Wash fungus affected area with fungicide.
Stir and strain paints thoroughly before application. The paint should also be
thinned properly (as per instructions given on paint container) to ensure
adequate application viscosity.
Ensure that the painting area is well-ventilated and free from foreign particles
and dust.
To guarantee a neat edge around window panes, protect the glass with a paint-
shield or apply masking tape before painting. Remove it before the final coat is
dry to avoid peeling a layer of paint. Always allow the paint to overlap slightly
on the glass to prevent moisture from seeping into the joint between putty and
glass. When spraying paint, mask other surfaces around the area with sheets of
paper or plastic to protect them.
Sanding/Surface Preparation: Ensure that the surface is free from dust,
grease, dirt.

First Primer Coat: It is applied to provide adhesion between the paint film and
the surface. It smoothens the surface, makes it less absorbent and increases the
spreading capacity of the paint. Different primers are available for walls, wood,
metals, etc.
Application of Putty: This is done to fill minor cracks and surface
imperfections. But major cracks and dents must be first repaired with a cement-
sand mix or Plaster of Paris. Drying time for putty is 5-6 hours.
The Second Primer Coat: This is applied to sandwich putty between two
primer coats, since painting directly on putty leads to a patchy appearance.