Promotion To Maintain

Elimination

Instructor: Ms. Helen Salgado RN, MAN

GROUP 4

Julie Ann Koh

Natalie Joy Lorico
Jeremiah Jireh Labuntog
Razielle Ann Morales
Sandra Magusara
Earl Brynne Oyanan
Denise Louise Po
Justine Stephen Ramirez
Janice Janarie Ramos
URINARY TRACT

The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a

bladder, and a urethra.
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each
about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one
on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the
back.
Every minute, a persons kidneys filter about 3 ounces
of blood, removing wastes and extra water.
The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts
of urine a person produces each day.
The urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow
tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in a
balloonlike organ called the bladder and emptied
through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the
bladder.
Introduction

Our bodys mechanism functions to

maintain homeostasis. Its common
role is to maintain the promotion of
elimination of wastes. However,
people nowadays are suffering from
Urinary Tract Infections due to their
unwanted habits and unhealthy
lifestyle.
 The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for
removing wastes and extra water.

When the bladder empties, a muscle called the sphincter relaxes

and urine flows out of the body through the urethra. The opening
of the urethra is at the end of the penis in males and in front of
the vagina in females.
 Urinary tract infection
UTIs are the second most common type of infection
in humans. Urinary tract infection (UTI) can occur in
any part of the urinary tract.
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the
bowel. Bacteria cause the vast majority of UTIs. Fungi
or viruses can also cause UTIs.
The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the
vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and
Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive
system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and
Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted
and require treatment of sexual partners.

Chlamydia and mycoplasma are two pathogens, mycoplasma is

smaller in the two. Mainly, they can cause urogenital
The urinary tract has several systems to
prevent infection. The points where the
ureters attach to the bladder act like one-way
valves to prevent urine from backing up
toward the kidneys, and urination washes
microbes out of the body.
In men, the prostate gland produces
secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both
sexes, immune defenses also prevent
infection. But despite these safeguards,
infections still occur. Certain bacterias have a
strong ability to attach themselves to the
lining of the urinary tract.

 Women are at greater risk of

developing a UTI than men are.
Infection limited to your bladder
can be painful and annoying.
However, serious consequences
can occur if a UTI spreads to your
kidneys.
Kidney and bladder ultrasound

Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer,

that bounces safe, painless sound waves off
organs to create an image of their structure.
The procedure is performed in a health care
providers office, outpatient center, or hospital by
a specially trained technician, and the images are
interpreted by a radiologista doctor who
specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not
needed. The images can show abnormalities in
the kidneys and bladder. However, this test
cannot reveal all important urinary abnormalities
or measure how well the kidneys work.
Signs and Symptoms of UTI

Signs vary by age, gender, and whether a

catheter is present.
Among young women, UTI signs and
symptoms typically include:

A frequent and intense urge to urinate

A painful, burning feeling in the bladder or
urethra during urination.
The amount of urine may be very small.
Signs and Symptoms of UTI
Older women and men are more likely to be
tired, shaky, and weak and have muscle aches
and abdominal pain.
Urine may look cloudy, dark, or bloody or have
a foul smell.
In a person with a catheter, the only symptom
may be fever that cannot be attributed to any
other cause. Normally, UTIs do not cause fever
if they are in the bladder.
A fever may mean the infection has reached
the kidneys or has penetrated the prostate.
Other symptoms of a kidney infection include
pain in the back or side below the ribs,
nausea, and vomiting.
Treatments
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are
treated with bacteria-fighting medications called
antibiotics or antimicrobials. The choice of
medication and length of treatment depend on
the patients history and the type of bacteria
causing the infection.

Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person has

allergies to them. The sensitivity test takes 48
hours to complete and is especially useful in
helping the health care provider select the
antibiotic most likely to be effective in treating an
infection. Longer treatment may be needed if the
first antibiotic given is not effective.
 When a UTI occurs in a healthy person
with a normal, unobstructed urinary tract,
the term uncomplicated is used to
describe the infection. Most young women
who have UTIs have uncomplicated UTIs,
which can be cured with 2 or 3 days of
treatment. Single-dose treatment is less
effective. Longer treatment causes more
side effects and is not more effective.

A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm the urinary tract is

infection-free. Taking the full course of treatment is
important because symptoms may disappear before the
infection is fully cleared.
 Complicated UTIs occur when a personfor
example, a pregnant woman or a transplant
patientis weakened by another condition.

A UTI is also complicated when the person

has a structural or functional abnormality of
the urinary tract, such as an obstructive
kidney stone or prostate enlargement that
squeezes the urethra.

Health care providers should assume that

men and boys have a complicated UTI until
proven otherwise.
 Severely ill patients with kidney
infections may be hospitalized until
they can take fluids and needed
medications on their own. Kidney
infections may require several weeks
of antibiotic treatment. Kidney
infections in adults rarely lead to
kidney damage or kidney failure
unless they go untreated or are
associated with urinary tract
obstruction.
 Bladder infections are generally self-limiting, but
antibiotic treatment significantly shortens the
duration of symptoms.
People usually feel better within a day or two of
treatment. Symptoms of kidney and prostate
infections last longer.

Drinking lots of fluids and urinating frequently will

speed healing. If needed, various medications are
available to relieve the pain of a UTI.

A heating pad on the back or abdomen may also

help.
If a person has recurrent UTIs, the health
care provider may order some additional
tests to determine if the persons urinary
tract is normal.
Prevention of Recurrent Utis

Changing some daily habits may help a

person prevent recurrent UTIs.

Eating, Diet, and Nutrition

Drinking lots of fluid can help flush
bacteria from the system. Water is best.
Most people should try for six to eight, 8-
ounce glasses a day. A person who has
kidney failure should not drink this much
fluid. A health care provider should be
consulted to learn how much fluid is
healthy.
 Urination Habits
A person should urinate often and when the urge
arises. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the
bladder too long. Women and men should urinate
shortly after sex to flush away bacteria that might
have entered the urethra during sex. Drinking a
glass of water will also help flush bacteria away.

After using the toilet, women should wipe from

front to back. This step is most important after a
bowel movement to keep bacteria from getting
into the urethra.
 Clothing
Cotton underwear and loose-fitting
clothes should be worn, so air can
keep the area around the urethra dry.
Tight-fitting jeans and nylon
underwear should be avoided
because they can trap moisture and
help bacteria grow.
 Birth Control
For women, using a diaphragm or
spermicide for birth control can lead to
UTIs by increasing bacteria growth.
A woman who has trouble with UTIs
should try switching to a new form of birth
control.
Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal
condoms increase irritation, which may
help bacteria grow. Switching to lubricated
condoms without spermicide or using a
nonspermicidal lubricant may help
prevent UTIs.
Urinary Elimination in the Home
Setting Promoting Urinary Elimination
Instruct the client to respond to the urge to void as soon as
possible; avoid voluntary urinary retention.
Teach the client to empty the bladder completely at each
voiding.
Emphasize the importance of drinking eight to ten 8-ounce
glasses of water daily.
Teach female clients about pelvic muscle exercises to
strengthen perineal muscles
Inform the client about the relationship between tobacco
use and bladder cancer and provide information about
smoking cessation programs as indicated.
Teach the client to promptly report any of the following to
the primary care provider: pain or burning on urination,
changes in urine color or clarity, malodorous urine, or
changes in voiding patterns (e.g., nocturia, frequency,
dribbling).
 FACILITATING URINARY ELIMINATION SELF-
CARE

Teach the client and family to maintain easy access to toilet

facilities, including removing scatter rugs and ensuring that
halls and doorways are free of clutter.

Suggest graduated lighting for nighttime voiding: a dim night-

light in the bedroom and low-wattage hallway lighting.

Advise the client and family to install grab bars and elevated
toilet seats as needed.

Provide for instruction in safe transfer techniques. Contact

physical therapy to provide training as needed.

Suggest clothing that is easily removed for toileting, such as

elastic waist pants or Velcro closures.
 DIETARY ALTERATIONS

Teach the client about dietary changes to promote urinary

function,
such as consuming cranberry juice and foods that acidify
the urine toreduce the risk of repeated urinary tract
infections or forming calciumbased urinary stones.

Instruct clients with stress or urge incontinence to limit

their intake of caffeine, alcohol, citrus juices, and artificial
sweeteners because these are bladder irritants that may
increase incontinence.

Also,teach clients to limit their evening fluid intake to

reduce the risk of nighttime incontinence episodes.
Patients Information
Patients Initials: C.I.
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 53
Weight: 47kg
Before Disease: 43kg
During Disease: 40kg
RR: 16 /Normal
BP: 100/ 80 /Normal
Temp: 39 degree Celsius
 History of the disease

Father of the patient also suffered to UTI and her brother

has been diagnosed with kidney stones (Genetic make-up
and lifestyle).

Signs and Symptoms

Frequently urinating little amount of body fluid (urine).

Pain in the hypograstic region Specifically in the Urinary
bladder.
Activities
Before
Daily intake of softdrinks(cola) and salty foods(junk foods).

During (Hospitalization)
Taking cotrimoxazole
(Co-trimoxazole is used to treat certain bacterial infections,
such as pneumonia (a lung infection), bronchitis (infection of
the tubes leading to the lungs), and infections of the urinary
tract, ears, and intestines. It also is used to treat 'travelers'
diarrhea. Co-trimoxazole is a combination of trimethoprim
and sulfamethoxazole and is in a class of medications called
sulfonamides. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Antibiotics will not kill viruses that can cause colds, flu, or
other viral infections.)
 Frequent and larger intake of purified drinking water
Drinking Coconut Juice
Instructed family member to record urinary output
Catheterized for residual urine, as appropriate

After
Daily intake of larger amount of water with a minimum of
1500ml/day.
Taking Medicine prescribed by the doctor
Avoiding salty and spicy foods and acidic drinks
Limit ingestion of bladder irritants(e.g: chocolates, coffee
and tea)
Practiced Regimen
Specific Exercises
Biking or walking
(atleast 30mins)
Morning
Yoga (optional)

Threadmill or jogging
Afternoon
(atleast 30mins)

Jogging and walking

(atleast 30mins)
Evening

Zumba (1hr)
 Breakfast Lunch Dinner
Diet Plan Granola bar
Binatog with
Pasta with
Sunday with yoghurt Spanish
rice
drink sardines
Wheat bread with
spread(tuna flakes Steamed fish
or strawberry Chopsuey with with stuffed
MONDAY jam)and cranberry Brown rice tomatoes and
juice
half reg rice

Poor mans Steamed Breast

Oatmeal with
TUESDAY soup (Laswa) Chicken with
Milk
with Brown rice coleslaw
Fish tinola with Grilled beef
WEDNESDAY Fruit salad
rice with rice
Asparagus Vegetable salad
Yoghurt and
THURSDAY chicken with with olive oil
banana
rice dressing
Lutik (mashed
Vietnamese Steamed beef
squash soup
FRIDAY spring rolls with siomai and half
with cocomilk)
boiled egg reg rice
with rice
Boiled pork
Macaroni soup
Diet

Drink a lot of fluids, such as herbal teas and water.

Avoid sweetened fruit juices and other sweetened
drinks.
Cranberries and blueberries contain substances
that inhibit the binding of bacteria to bladder
tissue. Drinking unsweetened cranberry juice
regularly helps lower the risk of UTIs. People who
are allergic to aspirin should not consume large
quantities of cranberry juice. Cranberry juice may
interact with certain medications.
Try to eliminate potential food allergens, including
dairy, wheat (gluten), corn, preservatives, and food
additives.
Eat antioxidant-rich foods, including fruits (such as
blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and
vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).
 Eat more high fiber foods, including beans, oats, root
vegetables (such as potatoes and yams), and psyllium
seed.
Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and
especially sugar.
Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water
fish, tofu (if no allergy to soy is present), or beans for
protein.
Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or coconut oil.
Reduce or eliminate trans fatty acids, found in
commercially-baked goods, such as cookies, crackers,
cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed
foods, and margarine.
Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily.