2002 Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved
2002 Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved
2002 Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 IntroductiontoComputers,
InternetandWorldWideWeb
Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Organization
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing
and Client/ Server Computing
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages
and High-Level Languages
1.7 Structured Programming
1.8 Object-Oriented Programming
1.9 Hardware Trends
1.10 History of the Internet and World Wide Web
1.11 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
1.12 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Programs
Sets of instructions that process data
Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by
computer programmers
Computer system
Comprised of various hardware devices
Keyboard
Screen (monitor)
Disks
Memory
Processing Units
3. Memory unit
Rapid access, low capacity warehouse
Retains information entered through input unit
Retains info that has already been processed until can be sent
to output unit
Often called memory, primary memory, or random access
memory (RAM)
4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Manufacturing section of computer
Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division)
Contains decision mechanisms and can make comparisons
Early Computers
Single-user batch processing
Jobs on decks of punched cards
One job ran at a time
Results took hours to process
Operating Systems
Managed transitions between jobs
Increased amount of work computer could accomplish
Multiprogramming
Simultaneous operation of several jobs
Computer resources split between jobs
Still took long hours for results
UNIX
Originally an experimental timesharing OS
Developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
Developed at Bell Labs
Written in C
Open-Source software
Source code freely distributed among programmers
Created large community
Powerful and flexible
Handled any task a user required
Developed into many versions
Linux
BSD
Structured Languages
Pascal
Designed for teaching structured programming
Lacked features for commercial use
C
Had features Pascal didnt
Quickly adopted by programmers
Ada
Developed by U.S. Department of Defense (late 1970s)
Based on Pascal
DOD wanted one language for all its needs
Supported multitasking
Many activities occur in parallel
Object-Oriented programming
Based on nouns
Reflects way world is perceived
Advantages over structured programming
More natural process
Results in better productivity
Classes provide reusability
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)
Easier to maintain
Programs more understandable
Focus on behaviors and interactions
Less attention to details
Improving technologies
Internet community thrives on improvements of
Hardware
Software
Communications
Cost of products and services
Consistently dropping over the decades
Computer capacity and speed
Doubles every two years (on average)
Microprocessor chip
Laid groundwork in late 1970s and 1980s for productivity
improvements of the 1990s
W3C
Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
Devoted to developing non-proprietary and interoperable
technologies for the World Wide Web and making the Web
universally accessible
Standardization
W3C Recommendations: technologies standardized by W3C
includeExtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage
(XHTML),CascadingStyleSheets(CSS)andthe
ExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)
DocumentmustpassthroughWorkingDraft,Candidate
RecommendationandProposedRecommendationphases
beforeconsideredforW3CRecommendation
W3C Structure
3 Hosts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et
Automatique)
Keio University of Japan
400 Members (including Deitel & Associates)
W3C homepage at www.w3.org
W3C Goals
User Interface Domain
Technology and Society Domain
Architecture Domain and Web Accessibility Initiatives
HTML limitations
Lack of extensibility
Inability to add or change features
Developers become frustrated
Code becomes erroneous
Led to more development on HTML
W3C created Cascading Style Sheets as temporary solution
New technology for formatting documents
Led to research for a standardized extensible language
W3C developed Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Combined power of SGML with simplicity of HTML
Developed XML-based standards for style-sheets and
advanced hyperlinking
XML features
Data independence
Separation of content from its presentation
Allows any application to conceivably process XML
documents
Improves Web functionality and interoperability
Reduces server load and network traffic
Integration with applications other than Web services
Communication between applications employing XML
Structure allows easy integration with database
applications
Open-source software
Unlike closed-source software, source code is freely
available
Available for modification, redistribution and as a basis for
other software
Usually available for download over the Internet
Free in the context of freedom
Most open-source software is copyrighted
Open-source licenses may impose restrictions
Community of developers
Problems detected and solved quickly
Continuous evolution of product
Modules
Reusable pieces of software
Can be written by any Python developer
Extend Pythons capabilities
Python Web site at www.python.org
PrimarydistributioncenterforPythonsourcecode,modules
anddocumentation