Basic Factors Regarding Combustion Seminar Ice

THERMODYNAMICS OF
COMBUSTION
AND
COMBUSTION
REACTION OF
COMMON FUELS
Basic Factors Regarding Combustion

Combustion is the process of chemical reaction
between fuel and oxygen
The process releases heat and products of
combustion.
The main elements which burn are Carbon,
Hydrogen and sulphur
The heat released by 1kg or m3 of fuel is called
the calorific value.
Oxygen used in combustion process normally
comes from atmosphere and brings nitrogen in
with it which has no role in this process but
makes up the bulk of the gases remaining after
combustion.
Image of a backlit fuel droplet burning in

microgravity
Colourized gray-scale composite image of the individual frames
from a video of a backlit fuel droplet burning in microgravity.
The main elements in combustion

are:
LCV And HCV

If the water formed during combustion
leaves as vapor, it takes with it the latent
heat of evaporation and thus reduces the
energy available from the process. In this
case the calorific value is called lower
calorific value(LCV).
If products cool down after combustion so
that the vapor condenses, the latent heat
is given up and the calorific value is then
the higher calorific value(HVC).
Solid and liquid fuels are normally analyzed by

mass to give the content of carbon, hydrogen,
sulphur and any other element present. Often
there is silica, moisture and any other element
present. Often there is silica, moisture and oxygen
present in small quantities which has some effect
on process. The silica leaves slaggy deposits on
the heat transfer surface in boilers
Gaseous fuels are normally analyzed by
volumetric content and are in the main
hydrocarbon fuels
For the purpose of calculation, the content of air is
considered as
Sulphur content in fuel causes air pollution and so it is un

desirable
The theoretically correct quantity of air or oxygen required to
just exactly burn the fuel expressed as ratio to the fuel burned,
is called Stoichiometric Ratio
In practice it is found that not all the oxygen in the reactant
reaches the fuel elements and that excess air is required to
ensure complete combustion. This results in the presence of
oxygen in products
If too little air is supplied co is formed instead of co 2
Water is also obtained in the out put
Industrial equipment for measuring the contents of the
products usually remove the water from the sample and the
products are called the dry products
Combustion chemistry
Solid and liquid fuels
In the case of solid and liquid fuels, we do the combustion of each
element separately
The important rule is that there must have the same no of atoms of
each substance before and after process.
This is obtained by juggling the no of molecules
CARBON
c+o2=co2
Mass ratio 12+32=44
Hence 1kg of c need 32/12kg of o2 and makes 44/12kg of co2
HYDROGEN
2H2+o2=2H2o
Mass ratio
4 +32=36
Hence 1kg of h2 needs 8kg of o2 and make 9kg of h2o
SULPHUR
s+o2=so2
32+32=64
Hence 1kg of s needs 1kg of o2 and makes 2kg of so2
Gaseous fuels
Typical :hydrocarbons are
Methane ethane propane butane pentane
hexane heptane octane Ethene propene
Ethyne propene Ethyne etc..
The combustion equation follows the
following rule
CaHb+(a+b/4)O2=(a)CO2+(b/2)H2o
This results In fractional numbers of
molecules, then the whole equation may be
multiplied up.
Combustion by mass
The only rule to be observed in
deducing the quantities of each
substance is law of conservation of
mass. The proportions of the masses
is that of molecular mass. It can be
illustrated with a problem
Combustion by volume
Let us see what is volumetric content.

For that we need to understand Daltons law of partial pressure and Avagadros law.
First let us define the kmole of substance is the number of kg numerically equal to the apparent molecular mass. For egg: 12
kg of carbon is a kmole ,so is 32 kg of O2 and 2kg of Hydrogen and 28 kg of N2
The molecular mass of a substance is expressed as kg/kmol so the molecular mass of O2 , for example, is 32 kg/kmol.
Avagadros Law
It states that 1m3 of any gas at the
same pressure and temperature
contains the same no of molecules. It
follows that the volume of gas at the
same p and T is directly proportional
to the number of molecules. From
this we can find the kmol of any gas
is the same if P and T are the same
Daltons Law states:
Relationship between product

and excess air
It follows that if we can deduce the %
product then given the figure, we can
work backwards to determine the air
or oxygen that was used
Energy released by the

reaction

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THERMODYNAMICS OF

Basic Factors Regarding Combustion

Image of a backlit fuel droplet burning in

The main elements in combustion

LCV And HCV

Solid and liquid fuels are normally analyzed by

Sulphur content in fuel causes air pollution and so it is un

Let us see what is volumetric content.

Daltons Law states:

Relationship between product

Energy released by the

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