G Reen Refrigeration: Jadavpur University Power Engineering 3 Year

G reen Refrigeration
Sourav Bagchi
Ipsita Mondal
Abhirup Ganguly
JADAVPUR
UNIVERSITY
Power Engineering
3rd Year
Index
Method of Refrigeration
Vapour Compression
Cycle
Refrigerants and their
environmental issues
M ethod of Refrigeration
Vapour Cycle
Vapour Compression Cycle
Vapour Absorption Cycle
Gas Cycle
Thermoelectric
Refrigeration
Magnetic Refrigeration
Solar Refrigeration
Vortex Tube
Thermo-acoustic
Refrigeration
Stirling Cycle
Vapour Com pression Cycle

The vapour-compression cycle is used in most household
refrigerators as well as in many large commercial and
industrial refrigeration systems.
In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as
vapour. From point 1 to point 2, the vapour is compressed at
constant entropy and exits as a vapour at a higher pressure,
but still below the vapour pressure at that temperature. From
point 2 to point 3, the vapour travels through the condenser
which cools the vapour until it starts condensing by removing
additional heat at constant pressure. Between points 3 and 4,
the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve where
its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation and
auto-refrigeration of the liquid. That results in a mixture of
liquid and vapour at a lower temperature at point 4. The cold
liquid-vapour mixture then travels through the evaporator
tubes and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air
(from the space being refrigerated). The resulting refrigerant
vapour returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete
the thermodynamic cycle.
W hat is Refrigerant?
Refrigerants are substances that can be used in the refrigeration cycle
of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment because of their
thermodynamic properties. In most cycles it undergoes phase
transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. Fluorocarbons,
especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th
century. Other refrigerants used in various applications are ammonia,
sulphur dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as propane.
The ideal refrigerant would have favourable thermodynamic properties,
be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including free
from toxicity and flammability. The desired thermodynamic properties
are a boiling point somewhat below the target temperature, a high heat
of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high
density in gaseous form, and a high critical temperature.
Refrigerant environm entalissues

The inert nature of many halogens,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), with the benefits
of their being non-flammable and nontoxic, made
them good choices as refrigerants, but their
stability in the atmosphere and their corresponding
global warming potential and ozone depletion
potential raised concerns about their usage.
CFCs and HCFCs are being phased out under the
Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to
protect the ozone layer. They have been controlled
by the Montreal Protocol since 1987 because of
their ozone depleting potential and high global
warming potentials.
D iff
erent groups of refrigerants and their ozone
depletion and globalw arm ing potentials
Substance group
Abbreviation
Ozone
Depletion
Potential
Global
Warming
Potentials
Example
(refrigerant/foam
blowing
agent)
Saturated
chlorofluorocarbons
CFC
0.6-1
4750-14,440
R11, R12
Saturated
hydrochlorofluorocar
bons
HCFC
0.02-0.11
77-2,310
R22, R141b
Saturated
hydrofluorocarbons
HFC
124-14,800
R32, R134a
Unsaturated
hydrochlorofluorcarb
ons
u-HCFC
0-10
R1233zd
Unsaturated
hydrofluorocarbons
u-HFC
<1-12
R1234yf
0-3
R744 (carbon
Natural
<0.001
G reen Refrigerant
Consumption of HFCs however is growing dramatically world-wide due to their function as
replacement substances for CFCs and HCFCs. Nevertheless HFCs are greenhouse gases. Their use
should be avoided in order to slow global warming. Unsaturated HFCs (u-HFCs, also marketed as
hydrofluoroolefins, or HFOs) are synthetically made HFCs with no ODP and low GWP that have been
developed specifically to fulfil regulations that prohibit HFCs with higher GWP (e.g., above 150).
Some are slightly flammable and combustion can form hydrogen fluoride. In the atmosphere their
decomposition leads to the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), which is a strong acid with toxicity
to some organisms. There is no known degradation mechanism for TFA.
Natural refrigerants are climate friendly. They have a very low or zero global warming potential and
zero ozone depletion potential. Natural refrigerants are the naturally occurring substances CO2,
ammonia, water, air and hydrocarbons such as propane, isobutene and propene/propylene. Their
production is not energy intensive as even the hydrocarbons can be obtained without chemical
transformation by separation. Natural refrigerants are widely used in some RAC applications. Natural
refrigerants can often be sourced as by-products from other processes. Recycling or disposal after
use in cooling systems is easier than with CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. All natural refrigerants have
characteristics that require additional safety measures, compared to conventional CFCs, HCFCs and
HFCs. Hydrocarbons (HCs) are flammable and ammonia is flammable, corrosive and of higher toxicity.
Simple measures such as the use of appropriate materials, the selection of safe components and
technician training can offset these undesirable characteristics
Vapour Absorption Cycle

The absorption cooling cycle can be described in three phases:
1. Evaporation: A liquid refrigerant evaporates in a low partial
pressure environment, thus extracting heat from its
surroundings (e.g. the refrigerator's compartment). Due to the
low pressure, the temperature needed for evaporation is also
lower.
2. Absorption: The now gaseous refrigerant is absorbed by
another liquid (e.g. a salt solution), reducing its partial
pressure in the evaporator and allowing more refrigerant to
evaporate.
3. Regeneration: The refrigerant-saturated liquid is heated,
causing the refrigerant to evaporate out. This happens at a
significantly higher pressure. The refrigerant is then condensed
through a heat exchanger to replenish the supply of liquid
refrigerant in the evaporator.
Einstein refrigerator
Einstein
aa
G as Cycle
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but doesn't change
phase, the refrigeration cycle is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid. As
there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components
corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapour compression cycle are the
hot and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in gas cycles.
The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapour compression cycle because the gas cycle
works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. As such the
working fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle,
the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise
in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling
load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs a large mass flow rate and is bulky.
Because of their lower efficiency and larger bulk, air cycle coolers are not often used
nowadays in terrestrial cooling devices. However, the air cycle machine is very common
on gas turbine-powered jet aircraft as cooling and ventilation units, because compressed
air is readily available from the engines' compressor sections. Such units also serve the
purpose of pressurizing the aircraft
Therm oelectric cooling

Thermoelectric coolers operate by the Peltier effect (which also goes by
the more general name thermoelectric effect). The device has two
sides, and when DC current flows through the device, it brings heat
from one side to the other, so that one side gets cooler while the other
gets hotter. The "hot" side is attached to a heat sink so that it remains
at ambient temperature, while the cool side goes below room
temperature. In some applications, multiple coolers can be cascaded
together for lower temperature.
Two unique semiconductors, one n-type and one p-type, are used
because they need to have different electron densities. The
semiconductors are placed thermally in parallel to each other and
electrically in series and then joined with a thermally conducting plate
on each side. When a voltage is applied to the free ends of the two
semiconductors there is a flow of DC current across the junction of the
semiconductors causing a temperature difference. The side with the
cooling plate absorbs heat which is then moved to the other side of the
device where the heat sink is. TECs are typically connected side by side
and sandwiched between two ceramic plates. The cooling ability of the
total unit is then proportional to the number of TECs in it
M agnetic refrigeration
Solar
Therm o-acoustic heat engine
Vortex Tube
Stirling cycle
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G reen Refrigeration

Vapour Com pression Cycle

Refrigerant environm entalissues

Vapour Absorption Cycle

Therm oelectric cooling

Therm o-acoustic heat engine

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