Telecommunication Systems

1
Prof. Dr. Tayfun Akgl

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course Code
Course title
Credit Hours

: ISE301
: Telecommunication Systems
:3

Semester

: Fall 2009

Instructor
: Prof. Dr. Tayfun AKGL
Course Page : http://atlas.cc.itu.edu.tr/~akgultay/
Refernece Book : A. B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly, J.C.
Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition, 2002.

Syllabus - I
Introduction to Signals
General Topics in Communications and Modulation
Spectral Analysis
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
Frequency Domain Representation of Finite Energy
Signals and Periodic Signals
Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density
Signal Power and Power Spectral Density
Signal Transmission through a Linear System
Convolution Integral and Transfer Function
Ideal and Practical Filters
Signal Distortion over a Communication Channel

Syllabus - II

Amplitude (Linear) Modulation (AM)

Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Single Side Band (SSB)
Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
AM Modulator and Demodulator Circuits
AM transmitter block diagram
Angle (Exponential) Modulation
Phase Modulation (PM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Modulation Index
Spectrum of FM Signals
Relationship between PM and FM
FM Modulator and Demodulator Circuits
FM Transmitter Block Diagram
FM Receiver

Outline

Signals and Systems

Signals and Systems

What is a signal?
Signal Basics
Analog / Digital Signals
Real vs Complex
Periodic vs. Aperiodic
Bounded vs. Unbounded
Causal vs. Noncausal
Even vs. Odd
Power vs. Energy

What is a communications
system?
Block Diagram
Why go to higher frequencies?

Telecommunication
Wireless Communication
Another Classification of
Signals (Waveforms)
Power, Distortion, Noise
Shannon Capacity
How transmissions flow over
media

Coaxial Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Glass Media
Wireless
Connectors
The Bands

Signal and System

Signals are variables that carry information

System is an assemblage of entities/objects, real or abstract,

comprising a whole with each every component/element
interacting or related to another one.
Systems process input signals to produce output signals

Examples
i.

Motion, sound, picture, video, traffic light

ii.

Natural system (ecosystem), human-made system

(machines, computer storage system), abstract system
(traffic, computer programs), descriptive system (plans)

Signal Examples
Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a
circuit
Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals
(analog or digital)
Video signals --- intensity variations in an image
(e.g. a CAT scan)
Biological signals --- sequence of bases in a
gene
Noise: unwanted signal
:

Measuring Signals

Amplitude

Period

Definitions
Voltage the force which moves an electrical current
against resistance
Waveform the shape of the signal (previous slide is a
sine wave) derived from its amplitude and frequency
over a fixed time (other waveform is the square wave)
Amplitude the maximum value of a signal, measured
from its average state
Frequency (pitch) the number of cycles produced in a
second Hertz (Hz). Relate this to the speed of a
processor eg 1.4GigaHertz or 1.4 billion cycles per
second

Signal Basics

Continuous time (CT) and discrete time (DT) signals

CT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent
variable that ranges over the real numbers and are denoted as x(t).
DT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent
variable that ranges over the integers and are denoted as x[n].
Note the subtle use of parentheses and square brackets to distinguish between
CT and DT signals.

Analog Signals

Human Voice best example

Ear recognises sounds 20KHz or less
AM Radio 535KHz to 1605KHz
FM Radio 88MHz to 108MHz

Digital signals
Represented by Square Wave
All data represented by binary values
Single Binary Digit Bit
Transmission of contiguous group of bits is a bit
stream
Not all decimal values can be represented by
binary
1

Analogue vs. Digital

Analogue Advantages
Best suited for audio and video
Consume less bandwidth
Available world wide
Less susceptible to noise
Digital Advantages
Best for computer data
Can be easily compressed
Can be encrypted
Equipment is more common and less expensive
Can provide better clarity

Analog or Digital
Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over
time
AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
Record player
Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade
Digital age: why digital communication will prevail

A/D and D/A

Analog to Digital conversion; Digital to
Analog conversion
Gateway from the communication device to the
channel

Nyquist Sampling theorem

From time domain: If the highest frequency in the
signal is B Hz, the signal can be reconstructed
from its samples, taken at a rate not less than 2B
samples per second

A/D and D/A

Quantization

From amplitude domain

N bit quantization, L intervals L=2N
Usually 8 to 16 bits
Error Performance: Signal to noise ratio

Real vs. Complex

Q. Why do we deal with complex signals?
A. They are often analytically simpler to deal with than real
signals, especially in digital communications.

Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals

Periodic signals have the property that x(t + T) = x(t) for all t.

The smallest value of T that satisfies the definition is called the

period.

Shown below are an aperiodic signal (left) and a periodic signal

(right).

Causal vs. Non-causal

A causal signal is zero for t < 0 and an non-causal signal is zero

for t > 0

Right- and left-sided signals

A right-sided signal is zero for t < T and a left-sided signal is zero
for t > T where T can be positive or negative.

Bounded vs. Unbounded

Every system is bounded, but meaningful signal is always

bounded

Even vs. Odd

Even signals xe(t) and odd signals xo(t) are defined as

xe(t) = xe(t) and xo(t) = xo(t).
Any signal is a sum of unique odd and even signals. Using
x(t) = xe(t)+xo(t) and x(t) = xe(t) xo(t), yields
xe(t) =0.5(x(t)+x(t)) and xo(t) =0.5(x(t) x(t)).

Signal Properties: Terminology

Waveform
Time-average operator
Periodicity
DC value
Power
RMS Value
Normalized Power
Normalized Energy

Power and Energy Signals

Power Signal
Infinite duration
Normalized power is
finite and non-zero
Normalized energy
averaged over infinite
time is infinite
Mathematically
tractable

Energy Signal
Finite duration
Normalized energy is
finite and non-zero
Normalized power
averaged over
infinite time is zero
Physically realizable

Although real signals are energy signals, we

analyze them pretending they are power signals!

The Decibel (dB)

Measure of power transfer

1 dB = 10 log10 (Pout / Pin)

1 dBm = 10 log10 (P / 10-3) where P is in Watts

1 dBmV = 20 log10 (V / 10-3) where V is in Volts

Communication System
B

A
Engineering System

Social System

Genetic System

History and fact of communication

What is a communications
system?
Communications Systems: Systems
designed to transmit and receive
information

Info
Info
Source
Source

Comm
System

Info
Info
Sink
Sink

Block Diagram
Info
Info
Source
Source

m(t)
message
from
source

n(t)
noise

Transmitter
Channel
Tx
s(t)
transmitted
signal

Receiver
Rx
r(t)
received
~ (t )
signal
m
received
message
to
sink Info

Info
Sink
Sink

Telecommunication

Telegraph
Fixed line telephone
Cable
Wired networks
Internet
Fiber communications
Communication bus inside computers to
communicate between CPU and memory

Wireless Comm Evolution:

UMTS (3G)

http://www.3g-generation.com/
http://www.nttdocomo.com/reports/010902_ir_presentation_january.pdf

Wireless Communications

Satellite
TV
Cordless phone
Cellular phone
Wireless LAN, WIFI
Wireless MAN, WIMAX
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band
Wireless Laser
Microwave
GPS
Ad hoc/Sensor Networks

Comm. Sys. Bock Diagram

Noise

m(t)

Tx
Baseband
Signal

Low Frequencies
<20 kHz
Original data rate

s(t)

Channel

r(t)

Bandpass
Signal

Rx

~ (t )
m
Baseband
Signal

High Frequencies
>300 kHz
Transmission data rate

Modulation
Formal definitions will be provided later

Demodulation
or
Detection

Aside: Why go to higher

frequencies?
Half-wave dipole antenna

Tx

/2

c=f
c = 3E+08 ms-1
Calculate for
f = 5 kHz
f = 300 kHz

There are also other reasons for going from baseband to bandpass

Another Classification of Signals

(Waveforms)
Deterministic Signals: Can be modeled as a
completely specified function of time

Random or Stochastic Signals: Cannot be

completely specified as a function of time; must be
modeled probabilistically

What type of signals are information bearing?

Power, Distortion, Noise

Transmit power
Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.
Channel responses to different frequency and different time
Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time
Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change
slightly over time.
Fiber: perfect
Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
Noise and interference
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA
phone)

Shannon Capacity
Shannon Theory
It establishes that given a noisy channel with information capacity
C and information transmitted at a rate R, then if R<C, there exists
a coding technique which allows the probability of error at the
receiver to be made arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically,
it is possible to transmit information without error up to a limit, C.
The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of error at
the receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So
no useful information can be transmitted beyond the channel
capacity. The theorem does not address the rare situation in which
rate and capacity are equal.
Shannon Capacity

C B log 2 (1 SNR )

bit / s

How transmissions flow over

media
Simplex only in one direction
Half-Duplex Travels in either direction,
but not both directions at the same time
Full-Duplex can travel in either direction
simultaneously

Coaxial Cable

First type of networking

media used
Available in different
types (RG-6 Cable TV,
RG58/U Thin Ethernet,
RG8 Thick Ethernet
Largely replaced by
twisted pair for networks

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Advantages
Inexpensive
Easy to terminate
Widely used, tested
Supports many
network types
Disadvantages
Susceptible to interference
Prone to damage during
installation
Distance limitations not
understood or followed

Glass Media
Core of silica, extruded glass or plastic
Single-mode is 0.06 of a micron in diameter
Multimode = 0.5 microns
Cladding can be Kevlar, fibreglass or even steel
Outer coating made from fire-proof plastic
Advantages
Can be installed over long
distances
Provides large amounts of
bandwidth
Not susceptible to EMI RFI
Can not be easily tapped (secure)

Disadvantages
Most expensive media to
purchase and install
Rigorous guidelines for
installation

Wireless

Wireless (2)

Radio transmits at 10KHz to 1KHz

Microwaves transmit at 1GHz to 500GHz
Infrared transmits at 500GHz to 1THz
Radio transmission may include:
Narrow band
High-powered
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (the hop is controlled by
accurate timing)
Direct-sequence-modulation spread spectrum (uses multiple
frequencies at the same time, transmitting data in chips at high
speed)

Connectors

Fibre Optic
RJ45
Token Ring
Thicknet
T-Piece

The Bands

ELF VLF

LF

MF

HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Radio

Submillimeter
Range

3KHz 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 3THz

Far
InfraRed
Optical
300m 1500nm
1PetaHz

Near
InfraRed

R
e
d

700nm

1ExaHz
O
r
a
n
g
e

Y
e
l
l
o
w

600nm

G
r
e
e
n

B
l
u
e
500nm

I
n
d
i
g
o

V
i
o
l
e
t

Ultraviolet

400nm

X-Ray