Basic Electric Circuits: Introduction To Operational Amplifiers

Basic Electric Circuits
Introduction To
Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 8

One might ask, why are operational amplifiers
included in Basic Electric Circuits?
The operational amplifier has become so cheap in
price (often less than $1.00 per unit) and it can be
used in so many applications, we present an
introductory study early-on in electric circuits.

What is an operational amplifier? This particular
form of amplifier had the name Operational
attached to it many years ago.
As early as 1952, Philbrick Operational Amplifiers
(marketed by George A. Philbrick) were constructed
with vacuum tubes and were used in analog
computers.* Even as late as 1965, vacuum tube
operational amplifiers were still in use and cost in the
range of $75.
* Some reports say that Loebe Julie actually developed the operational amplifier circuitry.

The Philbrick Operational Amplifier.

From Operational Amplifier, by Tony van Roon: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/741.html

My belief is that operational was used as a descriptor
early-on because this form of amplifier can perform
operations of
adding signals
subtracting signals
integrating signals,
x (t )dt
The applications of operational amplifiers ( shortened

to op amp ) have grown beyond those listed above.
3

At this level of study we will be concerned with how
to use the op amp as a device.
The internal configuration (design) is beyond basic
circuit theory and will be studied in later electronic
courses. The complexity is illustrated in the following
circuit.

The op amp is built using VLSI techniques. The circuit
diagram of an LM 741 from National Semiconductor is
V+
shown below.
Vin(-)
Vo
Vin(+)
Figure 8.1: Internal circuitry of LM741.
VTaken from National Semiconductor

data sheet as shown on the web.

Fortunately, we do not have to sweat a circuit with 22
transistors and twelve resistors in order to use the op amp
The circuit in the previous slide is usually encapsulated into
a dual in-line pack (DIP). For a single LM741, the pin
connections for the chip are shown below.
Taken from National Semiconductor

data sheet as shown on the web.
Figure 8.2: Pin connection, LM741.

The basic op amp with supply voltage included is shown
in the diagram below.
V
in ve r tin g in p u t
o u tp u t
n o n in ve r tin g in p u t
V +
Figure 8.3: Basic op am diagram with supply voltage.

7

In most cases only the two inputs and the output are
shown for the op amp. However, one should keep in
mind that supply voltage is required, and a ground.
The basic op am without a ground is shown below.
Figure 8.4: Outer op am diagram.

A model of the op amp, with respect to the symbol, is
shown below.
AV
Figure 8.5: Op Amp Model.

9

The previous model is usually shown as follows:
V
V
V
+
2
AV
Figure 8.6: Working circuit diagram of op amp.

10

Application: As an application of the previous model,
consider the following configuration. Find Vo as a
function of Vin and the resistors R1 and R2.
R
V
_
11
in
Figure 8.7: Op amp functional circuit.

In terms of the circuit model we have the following:
R
R
in
12
AV
Figure 8.8: Total op amp schematic for voltage

gain configuration.

R
R
in
13
AV
Circuit values are:

R1 = 10 k
A = 100,000
R2 = 40 k
Ri = 1 meg

We can write the following equations for nodes a and b.
14
( Vin Vi )
Vi
Vi Vo
10 k
1 meg
40 k
Eq 8.1
( Vin Vo )
Vo 50
AV i
40 k
Eq 8.2

Equation 8.1 simplifies to;
25Vo 126Vi 100Vin
Eq 8.3
Equation 8.2 simplifies to;
4.005 x10 Vo 4 x10 Vi 0

5
15
Eq 8.4

From Equations 8.3 and 8.4 we find;
Vo 3.99Vin
Eq 8.5
This is an expected answer.

Fortunately, we are not required to do elaborate circuit
analysis, as above, to find the relationship between the
output and input of an op amp. Simplifying the analysis
is our next consideration.
16

For most all operational amplifiers, Ri is 1 meg or
larger and Ro is around 50 or less. The open-loop gain,
A, is greater than 100,000.
Ideal Op Amp:
The following assumptions are made for the ideal op amp.
1. Infinite open loop gain; A

2. Zero output ohms ; Ro 0
17
3. Infinite input ohms ; Ri

Ideal Op Amp:
i1
+
V
i2
1
= 0
_
= 0
+
V2 = V
+
V
Figure 8.9: Ideal op amp.
(a) i1 = i2 = 0: Due to infinite input resistance.

18
(b) Vi is negligibly small; V1 = V2.

Ideal Op Amp:
Find Vo in terms of Vin for the following configuration.
R
V
_
19
in
Figure 8.10: Gain amplifier op amp set-up.

Ideal Op Amp:
R
R
+
a
V
in
Writing a nodal equation at (a) gives;
(Vin Vi )
Vi Vo
R1
R2
20
Eq 8.6

Ideal Op Amp:
(Vin Vi ) Vi Vo
R1
R2
With Vi = 0 we have;
V0
Eq 8.7
R2
Vin
R1
With R2 = 4 k and R1 = 1 k, we have
Vo 4Vin
21
Earlier
we got
Vo 3.99Vin

Ideal Op Amp:
When Vi = 0 in Eq 8.7 and we apply the Laplace Transform;
V0 ( s )
R2
Vin ( s )
R1
Eq 8.8
In fact, we can replace R2 with Zfb(s) and R1 with Z1(s) and

we have the important expression;
Z fb ( s )
V0 ( s )
Vin ( s )
Z in ( s )
22
Eq 8.9

Ideal Op Amp:
At this point in circuits we are not able to appreciate the
utility of Eq 8.9. We will revisit this at a later point in
circuits but for now we point out that judicious selections
of Zfb(s) and Zin(s) leads to important applications in
Analog Filters
Analog Compensators in Control Systems
Application in Communications
23

Ideal Op Amp:
Example 8.1: Consider the op amp configuration below.
Assume Vin = 5 V
6 k
1 k
a
+
_+
24
in
_
+
3 V
Figure 8.11: Circuit for Example 8.1.

Example 8.1 cont.
6 k
1 k
a
+
_+
in
_
+
3 V
At node a we can write;
( Vin 3 ) 3 V0
1k
6k
25
From which;
V0 = -51 V
Eq 8.10

Example 8.2: Summing Amplifier. Given the following:
R
fb
Figure 8.12: Circuit for Example 8.2.
26
V1 V2
V0
R1 R2
R fb
Eq 8.11

Example 8.2: Summing Amplifier. continued
Equation 8.11 can be expressed as;
R fb
R fb
V1
V2
V0
R2
R1
Eq 8.12
If R1 = R2 = Rfb then,
V0 V1 V2
Eq. 8.13
Therefore, we can add signals with an op amp.

27

Example 8.3: Isolation or Voltage Follower.
Applications arise in which we wish to connect one circuit
to another without the first circuit loading the second. This
requires that we connect to a block that has infinite input
impedance and zero output impedance. An operational
amplifier does a good job of approximating this. Consider
the following:
+
C ir c u it 1
V
_
28
in
T he
" B lo c k "
out
C ir c u it 2
Figure 8.13: Illustrating Isolation.

Example 8.3: Isolation or Voltage Follower. continued
T he B lo ck
C ircuit 1
_i n
_0
C ircuit 2
Figure 8.14: Circuit isolation with an op amp.

29
It is easy to see that: V0 = Vin

Example 8.4: Isolation with gain.
20 k
+
_
+
_
+
10 k
in
a
+
10 k
in
Figure 8.15: Circuit for Example 8.4:

Writing a nodal equation at point a and simplifying gives;
30
V0 2Vin

Example 8.5: The noninverting op amp.
Consider the following:
R
fb
+
_
+_
+
V
Figure 8.16: Noninverting op am configuration.

31

Example 8.5: The noninverting op amp. Continued
Writing a node equation at a gives;
V2 (V2 V0 )
0
R0
R fb
so
1
V0
1
V2
R fb
R
R
0
fb
which gives,
32
R fb
V2
V0 1
R0
Remember this

Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.
Find V0 for the following op amp configuration.
2 k
+
_
+_
4 V
6 k
+
10 k
5 k
_
Figure 8.17: Op amp circuit for example 8.6.

33

Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.
The voltage at Vx is found to be 3 V.
Writing a node equation at a gives;
V x ( V x V0 )
0
5k
10k
or
34
V0 3V x 9V
CIRCUITS
End of Lesson 8

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