Research Design Module 3

MODULE 3
m

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS.
JUNE 2010
mm

ÊRESENTS
MODULE 3

Ú JECTIVES
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
¦Define the concept of research design
¦Identify the various types of research design
¦List the characteristics of the type of design
¦Determine the factors affecting internal and external validity of

experimental research design.
MODULE 3
OUTLINE
¦Introduction to research
¦Êurpose of research in accounting
¦Definition of design
¦Overview of research design
¦Types of research design:
^ Exploratory design
^Conclusive design
¦Descriptive design
¦Cross-sectional design
¦Longitudinal design
¦Causal design
¦Validity of experimental design
¦Factors affecting internal validity
INTRÚUCTIÚN TÚ RESEARCH
Various writers have defined research to
suit the circumstances it is used.
Literally research means to
¶search for·
Research is a quest for new knowledge
It is a systematic investigation of a
particular phenomenon
It involves :
¦Finding out the problem
¦Collecting Data
¦Analyzing Data
¦Drawing Conclusion
MODULE 3
ÊURÊÚSE Ú RESEARCH IN ACCÚUNTING
£Accounting wasn·t conceptualized in times past. It

focused on just presenting and preparation of
information.
£Stakeholders became interested in historical facts and

figures of profit on investments and revenue generated
£Accountants had to commence embarking of research,

thus financial accounting emphasizes on publishing past
records as far back as five years for shareholders .
MODULE 3

A research design is a blueprint or scheme
that is used by the researcher for specific
structure and strategy in investigating the
relationship that exists among variables of
the study so as to enable him or her (the
researcher) collect the data, which will be
used for the study.
MODULE 3

A design is a plan produced to show the look and
function of something before it is built
A research design is a scheme that guides the

researcher on how to go about his investigation
The researcher·s level of mastery of his study would

determine the type of research design he would use
The steps carried out by him would be to:

1.plan the investigation
2. analyze the data to obtain the desired result
MODULE 3

RESEARCH DESIGN
CONCLUSIVE EXÊLORATORY
RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN
DESCRIÊTIVE CAUSAL
RESEARCH RESEARCH
CROSS SECTIONAL LONGITUDINAL

DESIGN DESIGN
MODULE 3

d d
exploratory

d d research studies
d dd
would not try to
d
d

acquire a
d
representative
sample but rather
seek to interview
those who are
An exploratory design is very knowledgeable
flexible. It is not limited to a and might be able
particular style. to provide insight
concerning the
relationship
between variables.
MODULE 3
CÚNCLUSIVE ESIGN
The word conclusive means to prove
something is true or ending uncertainty
There are two types of conclusive design:
Descriptive design
Causal design
MODULE 3
[It describes market functions or characteristics
[As a type of conclusive design it is rigid
The design must meet the following specification:

If we are applying it to market or business
ESCRIÊTIVE ESIGN
MODULE 3
ôhat- Information should be

obtained
ôho- is a patron of our
product
ôhy- are we making the
research
ôhen- should we get
information from respondents
ESCRIÊTIVE ESIGN
MODULE 3
There are two types of

descriptive design:
The types of Descriptive design
are:
Õ Õ

MODULE 3
CRÚSS-SECTIÚNAL ESIGN
[ It is the most common type of research.
[ It involves taking a survey of a sample

population at a particular point in time
[ The most popular type of this is cohort design

MODULE 3
[Itcarries out investigation through

repeated measures over a period of time
[There are not necessarily good

representatives of population
[Itmonitors human behavior over a period

of time
LÚNGITUINAL ESIGN
MODULE 3

[ It finds the cause and effect relationship between variables

[ The goals of causal could be accomplished through
laboratory and field experiment
[ It could be applicable in the following market scenarios
[ Market testing or test marketing- has to do with launching a
new product, setting groups of the population would test the
product
[ Advertising Response- How people respond to adverts
placed
[ Êromotional design
[ Store layout design
MODULE 3
CHARACTERISTICS Ú A GÚÚ RESEARCH
ESIGN.
[ The main use of a research design is in variance control
[ A good research design should be able to produce data to
answer research design questions and test hypothesis.
[ It must also be able to control intervening or extraneous
variables which may influence the dependent variable of the
study.
[ A good research design to be able to maintain both internal and
external validity. Validity is the ability to measure what is
supposed to be measured.
[ A good research design must have appropriate order of
procedure of observation. Thus the research design must be
well organized and data must be orderly imputed.

[ Validity is the ability to measure what is to be measured.
[ It can also be define as the extent to which

elements in and experimental design vary
[ It involves aspects of designs ranging from

formulating problems, to the question, to types of
instruments used and types of statistical data.
MODULE 3
TYÊES Ú VALIITY
There are two types of validity of design

[ INTERNAL VALIDITY
[ EXTERNAL VALIDITY
MODULE 3

[ They are factors that determine how

quantifiable variables affect one another
[ It involves the performance of observers and

instruments used.
MODULE 3

[ Factors that affect internal validity as revealed by Best
and Khan include the following:
ñ Testing
ñ Maturation
ñ History
ñ Instrumentation
ñ Biasness in selection
ñ Statistical Regression
ñ Experimental Mortality
ñ Experimental biasness
ñ Interaction of Selection and Maturity

[ It is the extent to which the variable

relationship can be generalized
[ It asks questions of generalization such as to
what population setting
[ The factors affecting external validity include;
[ The extent of treatment verification
[ The interaction effect of testing
[ The interaction of selection and treatment
[ The artificiality of the experimental setting

[ Asika, N. (1991), Research Methodology in Behavioural
Sciences, Lagos: Longman Nigeria ÊLC.
[ Fagbohungbe, O.B.(1993), Research Methodology for
Nigeria Tertiary Institution, Lagos: Kole Consult.
[ Types of Research Designs, College of Administrative
Science, UAH from: http://www.uah.edu/library.
[ Joseph F. Hair, Robert Ê. Bush, David J. (2000),
Marketing Research: A practical Approach for the new
millennium, New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin
[ ICAN (2006) Business Communication and Research
Methodology Study Êack, Lagos: VI Êublishers.
MODULE 3

AELE A. AEWALE AKANNI AMILARE ESTHER
AISA ÚLU UKÚLA AÊALÚ AVI
AZEH VERILY ÚYINYE
AKINÚLA ÚÊEYEMI A.
ERÚMÚSELE EJIRÚ CATHERINE
A SKAREEM YEWANE RUKAYAT KESHIRÚ G ENGA AEES
CÚKER-LÚNGE AKINYEMI NWIGWE IEANYI Ú.
I IAÊÚ E ÚRAH IKEÚLUWA ÚGHIAG EÊHA EGA CHINYERE
MÚHAMME AIJAT ÚLÚYEE HA EE AT ÚMÚLARA
ÚYESILE ÚYINAMÚLA SEUN
ÚGUNJEMILUA USÚLA
SULEY TEMILÚLA
ÚLAÚKUN AYÚEJI ÚLUEMI ÚLUWAG EMISÚLA
ÚNI ÊRISCILLIA UNMILAYÚ IÚWU A IÚLA TEMILAE
SALAKÚ ÚLUWASEUN JÚNAH ALAYANE ÚLUWASEUN
UIN ÚMÚYEMEN LESSING AG ULE G ÚLAHAN
AKANJI TIMÚTHY SEUN
AENUGA ALEX IÚUN
AEWÚLE JÚSEÊH A IÚUN

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MODULE 3

¦Define the concept of research design

¦Identify the various types of research design

¦List the characteristics of the type of design

¦Determine the factors affecting internal and external validity of

ÊURÊÚSE Ú RESEARCH IN ACCÚUNTING

£Accounting wasn·t conceptualized in times past. It

£Stakeholders became interested in historical facts and

£Accountants had to commence embarking of research,

A research design is a scheme that guides the

The researcher·s level of mastery of his study would

The steps carried out by him would be to:

CROSS SECTIONAL LONGITUDINAL

[It describes market functions or characteristics

[As a type of conclusive design it is rigid

The design must meet the following specification:

ôhat- Information should be

There are two types of

[ It is the most common type of research.

[ It involves taking a survey of a sample

[ The most popular type of this is cohort design

[Itcarries out investigation through

[There are not necessarily good

[Itmonitors human behavior over a period

[ It finds the cause and effect relationship between variables

[ Validity is the ability to measure what is to be measured.

[ It can also be define as the extent to which

[ It involves aspects of designs ranging from

There are two types of validity of design

[ They are factors that determine how

[ It involves the performance of observers and

[ It is the extent to which the variable

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