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    This document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by introducing arrays and how to declare, create, initialize and access array elements. It describes how to pass arrays to methods and copy arrays. It also covers multidimensional arrays and provides examples of adding matrices, grading exams stored in arrays, and calculating total scores from a three-dimensional array. It concludes with a brief section on searching arrays.

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    This document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by introducing arrays and how to declare, create, initialize and access array elements. It describes how to pass arrays to methods and copy arrays. It also covers multidimensional arrays and provides examples of adding matrices, grading exams stored in arrays, and calculating total scores from a three-dimensional array. It concludes with a brief section on searching arrays.

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    This document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by introducing arrays and how to declare, create, initialize and access array elements. It describes how to pass arrays to methods and copy arrays. It also covers multidimensional arrays and provides examples of adding matrices, grading exams stored in arrays, and calculating total scores from a three-dimensional array. It concludes with a brief section on searching arrays.

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    53 views39 pages

    05 Slide

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous ZntoXci
    This document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by introducing arrays and how to declare, create, initialize and access array elements. It describes how to pass arrays to methods and copy arrays. It also covers multidimensional arrays and provides examples of adding matrices, grading exams stored in arrays, and calculating total scores from a three-dimensional array. It concludes with a brief section on searching arrays.

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    of 39

    Chapter 5 Arrays

    Introducing Arrays
    Declaring Array Variables, Creating Arrays,
    and Initializing Arrays
    Passing Arrays to Methods
    Copying Arrays
    Multidimensional Arrays
    Search and Sorting Methods

    Introducing Arrays
    Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the
    same types of data.
    double[] myList = new double[10];
    myList

    reference

    myList[0]
    myList[1]
    myList[2]
    myList[3]
    myList[4]
    myList[5]
    myList[6]
    myList[7]
    myList[8]
    myList[9]

    An Array of 10
    Elements
    of type double

    Declaring Array Variables

    datatype[] arrayname;
    Example:
    double[] myList;

    datatype arrayname[];
    Example:
    double myList[];

    Creating Arrays
    arrayName = new datatype[arraySize];
    Example:
    myList = new double[10];

    references the first element in the array.


    myList[9] references the last element in the array.
    myList[0]

    Declaring and Creating


    in One Step

    datatype[] arrayname = new


    datatype[arraySize];
    double[] myList = new double[10];

    datatype arrayname[] = new


    datatype[arraySize];
    double myList[] = new double[10];

    The Length of Arrays


    Once

    an array is created, its size is fixed. It


    cannot be changed. You can find its size using

    arrayVariable.length
    For example,
    myList.length returns 10

    Initializing Arrays

    Using a loop:
    for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)
    myList[i] = i;

    Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:


    double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

    This shorthand syntax must be in one statement.

    Declaring, creating, initializing


    Using the Shorthand Notation
    double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

    This shorthand notation is equivalent to the


    following statements:
    double[] myList = new double[4];
    myList[0] = 1.9;
    myList[1] = 2.9;
    myList[2] = 3.4;
    myList[3] = 3.5;

    CAUTION
    Usingtheshorthandnotation,
    youhavetodeclare,create,and
    initializethearrayallinone
    statement.Splittingitwould
    causeasyntaxerror.For
    example,thefollowingiswrong:
    double[] myList;
    myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

    Example 5.1
    Testing Arrays
    Objective: The program receives 6 numbers from the
    keyboard, findsthelargestnumberand
    countstheoccurrenceofthelargest
    numberenteredfromthekeyboard.
    Supposeyouentered3,5,2,5,5,
    and5,thelargestnumberis5andits
    occurrencecountis4.

    TestArray

    Run

    Example 5.2
    Assigning Grades

    Objective: read student scores (int) from the


    keyboard, get the best score, and then assign
    grades based on the following scheme:
    Grade is A if score is >= best10;
    Grade is B if score is >= best20;
    Grade is C if score is >= best30;
    Grade is D if score is >= best40;
    Grade is F otherwise.

    AssignGrade
    Run

    Passing Arrays to Methods


    Javausespassbyvaluetopassparametersto
    amethod.Thereareimportantdifferences
    betweenpassingavalueofvariablesof
    primitivedatatypesandpassingarrays.
    Foraparameterofaprimitivetypevalue,
    theactualvalueispassed.Changingthevalue
    ofthelocalparameterinsidethemethoddoes
    notaffectthevalueofthevariableoutside
    themethod.
    Foraparameterofanarraytype,thevalue
    oftheparametercontainsareferencetoan
    array;thisreferenceispassedtothemethod.
    Anychangestothearraythatoccurinsidethe
    methodbodywillaffecttheoriginalarray
    thatwaspassedastheargument.

    Example 5.3
    Passing Arrays as Arguments
    Objective:

    Demonstrate differences of
    passing primitive data type variables
    and array variables.
    TestPassArray

    Run

    Example 5.3, cont.


    swap(a[0], a[1])

    a[0]

    a[1]

    n1

    n2

    Pass by value

    swap( n1,

    n2)

    swapFirstTwoInArray(a)

    a Reference
    :

    Pass by value (Reference value)

    swapFirstTwoInArray(array)

    array Reference

    a[0]
    a[1]

    Example 5.4 Computing Deviation


    Using Arrays
    n

    mean

    xi
    i 1

    Deviation

    deviation

    2
    (
    x

    mean
    )
    i
    i 1

    n 1

    Run

    Example 5.5
    Counting Occurrence of Each
    Letter
    Generate 100 lowercase letters randomly and
    assign to an array of characters.
    Count the occurrence of each letter in the
    array.
    Find the mean and standard deviation of the
    counts.

    CountLettersInArray

    Run

    Example 5.6
    Copying Arrays
    In this example, you will see that a simple
    assignment cannot copy arrays in the
    following program. The program simply
    creates two arrays and attempts to copy one to
    the other, using an assignment statement.

    TestCopyArray

    Run

    Copying Arrays
    Before the assignment
    list2 = list1;
    list1

    list2

    After the assignment


    list2 = list1;

    Contents
    of list1

    Contents
    of list2

    list1

    list2
    Garbage

    Contents
    of list1

    Contents
    of list2

    Copying Arrays
    Using a loop:
    int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10};
    int[] targetArray = new
    int[sourceArray.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)
    targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

    The arraycopy Utility


    arraycopy(sourceArray, src_pos,
    targetArray, tar_pos, length);
    Example:
    System.arraycopy(sourceArray, 0,
    targetArray, 0, sourceArray.length);

    Multidimensional Arrays
    Declaring Variables of Multidimensional Arrays and Creating
    Multidimensional Arrays
    int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];

    or

    int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];


    matrix[0][0] = 3;
    for (int i=0; i<matrix.length; i++)
    for (int j=0; j<matrix[i].length; j++)
    {
    matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random()*1000);
    }
    double[][] x;

    Multidimensional Array Illustration


    0 1

    0 1

    matrix = new int[5][5];

    matrix[2][1] = 7;

    10

    11

    12

    int[][] array = {
    {1, 2, 3},
    {4, 5, 6},
    {7, 8, 9},
    {10, 11, 12}
    };

    Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using


    Shorthand Notations
    You can also use a shorthand notation to declare, create and
    initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,
    int[][]array={
    {1,2,3},
    {4,5,6},
    {7,8,9},
    {10,11,12}
    };

    This is equivalent to the following statements:


    int[][]array=newint[4][3];
    array[0][0]=1;array[0][1]=2;array[0][2]=3;
    array[1][0]=4;array[1][1]=5;array[1][2]=6;
    array[2][0]=7;array[2][1]=8;array[2][2]=9;
    array[3][0]=10;array[3][1]=11;array[3][2]=12;

    Lengths of Multidimensional
    Arrays
    int[][]array={
    {1,2,3},
    {4,5,6},
    {7,8,9},
    {10,11,12}
    };
    array.length
    array[0].length
    array[1].length
    array[2].length

    Ragged Arrays
    Eachrowinatwodimensionalarrayis
    itselfanarray.So,therowscanhave
    differentlengths.Suchanarrayis
    knownasaraggedarray.Forexample,
    int[][]matrix={
    {1,2,3,4,5},
    {2,3,4,5},
    {3,4,5},
    {4,5},
    {5}
    };

    Example 5.7
    Adding and Multiplying Two Matrices

    Objective: Use two-dimensional arrays to


    create two matrices, and then add and multiply
    the two matrices.

    a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 15

    a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 25

    a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 a 35

    b11 b12 b13 b14 b15

    b 21 b 22 b 23 b24 b 25

    a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 a 45
    a 51 a 52 a 53 a 54 a 55

    b31 b32 b33 b34 b35

    b 41 b 42 b 43 b44 b 45
    b51 b52 b53 b54 b55

    a 11 b11 a 12 b12 a 13 b13 a 14 b14 a 15 b15

    a 21 b 21 a 22 b 22 a 23 b23 a 24 b 24 a 25 b 25

    a 31 b31 a 32 b32 a 33 b33 a 34 b 34 a 35 b35

    a 41 b 41 a 42 b 42 a 43 b 43 a 44 b 44 a 45 b 45
    a 51 b51 a 52 b52 a 53 b53 a 54 b54 a 55 b55

    TestMatrixOperation

    Run

    Example 5.7 (cont) Adding and


    Multiplying Two Matrices
    a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 15

    a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 25
    a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 a 35

    a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 a 45
    a 51 a 52 a 53 a 54 a 55

    b11 b12 b13 b14 b15

    b 21 b 22 b 23 b 24 b 25
    b31 b32 b33 b34 b35

    b 41 b 42 b 43 b 44 b 45
    b51 b52 b53 b54 b55

    c11 c12 c13 c14 c15

    c 21 c 22 c 23 c 24 c 25
    c 31 c 32 c 33 c 34 c 35

    c 41 c 42 c 43 c 44 c 45
    c 51 c 52 c 53 c 54 c 55

    cij = ai1b1j+ai2b2j+ai3b3j+ai4b4j+ai5b5j

    Example 5.8
    Grading Multiple-Choice Test

    Students Answers to the Questions:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Student
    Student
    Student
    Student
    Student
    Student
    Student
    Student

    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7

    A
    D
    E
    C
    A
    B
    B
    E

    B
    B
    D
    B
    B
    B
    B
    B

    A
    A
    D
    A
    D
    E
    A
    E

    C
    B
    A
    E
    C
    C
    C
    C

    C
    C
    C
    D
    C
    C
    C
    C

    D
    A
    B
    C
    D
    D
    D
    D

    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E

    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E
    E

    A
    A
    A
    A
    A
    A
    A
    A

    D
    D
    D
    D
    D
    D
    D
    D

    Objective: write a
    program that grades
    multiple-choice test.
    Key to the Questions:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Key

    D B D C C D A E A D

    Grade Exam

    Run

    Example 5.9
    Calculating Total Scores

    Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for


    students in a class. Suppose the scores are stored in a threedimensional array named scores. The first index in scores refers to
    a student, the second refers to an exam, and the third refers to the
    part of the exam. Suppose there are 7 students, 5 exams, and each
    exam has two parts--the multiple-choice part and the programming
    part. So, scores[i][j][0] represents the score on the multiple-choice
    part for the is student on the js exam. Your program displays the
    total score for each student, .

    TotalScore

    Run

    Searching Arrays
    Searchingistheprocessoflooking
    foraspecificelementinanarray;
    forexample,discoveringwhethera
    certainscoreisincludedinalistof
    scores.Searching,likesorting,isa
    commontaskincomputerprogramming.
    Therearemanyalgorithmsanddata
    structuresdevotedtosearching.In
    thissection,twocommonlyused
    approachesarediscussed,linear
    searchandbinarysearch.

    Linear Search
    Thelinearsearchapproachcompares
    thekeyelement,key,witheach
    elementinthearraylist[].The
    methodcontinuestodosountilthe
    keymatchesanelementinthelistor
    thelistisexhaustedwithoutamatch
    beingfound.Ifamatchismade,the
    linearsearchreturnstheindexof
    theelementinthearraythatmatches
    thekey.Ifnomatchisfound,the
    searchreturns1.

    Example 5.10
    Testing Linear Search

    Objective: Implement and test the linear search


    method by creating an array of 10 elements of
    int type randomly and then display this array.
    Prompt the user to enter a key for testing the
    linear search.
    LinearSearch

    Run

    Binary Search
    Forbinarysearchtowork,theelements
    inthearraymustalreadybeordered.
    Withoutlossofgenerality,assumethat
    thearrayisinascendingorder.
    e.g.247101145505960666970
    79
    Thebinarysearchfirstcomparesthe
    keywiththeelementinthemiddleof
    thearray.Considerthefollowingthree
    cases:

    Binary Search, cont.


    Ifthekeyislessthanthemiddle
    element,youonlyneedtosearchthe
    keyinthefirsthalfofthearray.
    Ifthekeyisequaltothemiddle
    element,thesearchendswitha
    match.
    Ifthekeyisgreaterthanthe
    middleelement,youonlyneedto
    searchthekeyinthesecondhalfof
    thearray.

    Binary Search, cont.


    key = 11
    [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
    list

    10 11 45

    key < 50

    mid

    [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]


    2
    key > 7

    10 11 45

    mid
    [3] [4] [5]
    10 11 45

    key = 11

    50 59 60 66 69 70 79

    mid

    Example 5.11
    Testing Binary Search

    Objective: Implement andtestthebinary


    searchmethod.Theprogramfirst
    createsanarrayof10elementsof
    inttype.Itdisplaysthisarrayand
    thenpromptstheusertoenterakey
    fortestingbinarysearch.
    BinarySearch

    Run

    Example 5.12
    Using Arrays in Sorting

    Objective: Use the selectionSort method to write


    a program that will sort a list of double floating-point
    numbers.

    int[] myList = {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6}; // Unsorted


    Sort it to produce 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9
    2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6
    SelectionSort

    Run

    Example 5.12: (Cont) Using


    Arrays in Sorting
    int[] myList = {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6}; // Unsorted
    Find the largest element in myList and swap it with the last
    element in myList.
    2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6 => 2, 6, 5, 4, 8, 1, 9 (size = 7)
    2, 6, 5, 4, 8, 1 => 2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 8 (size = 6)
    2, 6, 5, 4, 1 => 2, 1, 5, 4, 6 (size = 5)
    2, 1, 5, 4 => 2, 1, 4, 5
    2, 1, 4 => 2, 1, 4,
    2, 1 => 1, 2
    Sort it to produce 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

    Exercise 5.5: Bubble Sort


    int[] myList = {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6}; // Unsorted
    Pass 1:
    Pass 2:
    Pass 3:
    Pass 4:
    Pass 5:
    Pass 6:

    2, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6, 9
    2, 4, 5, 1, 6, 8, 9
    2, 4, 1, 5, 6, 8, 9
    2, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9
    1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9
    1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

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