Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs: Top-Down Network Design Chapter Two

Top-Down Network Design
Chapter Two
Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub
Technical Goals
Scalability
Availability
Performance
Security
Manageability
Usability
Adaptability
Affordability
Scalability
Scalability refers to the ability to grow
How easily the network can grow
Try to learn
Number of sites to be added
What will be needed at each of these sites
How many users will be added
How many more servers will be added
Scalability
Accommodate more users

Greater transmission requirements
If you design an optimizer network only for today

requirements. It can be very expensive and difficult
to meet new needs as the network grows
Network should be designed with growth in mind
Dont designed a network and purchase network

devices without considering network scalability and
growth
Availability
Measure of probability that the network will

be available for the user when it is needed .
It is represented a percentage of time that

the network (services , system )is available .
It is refer to as a Uptime.
It is not much good that having a network if

it is not available when you need it .
Availability
Availability can be expressed as a percent

uptime per year, month, week, day, or hour,
compared to the total time in that period
In network Uptime means the network is

available :
24 hour per day
7 day per week
365 day per year
Availability
Availability can be expressed as a percent uptime

per year, month, week, day, or hour, compared to
the total time in that period
For example:
24/7 operation
Network is up for 165 hours in the 168-hour week
Availability is 98.21%
Different applications may require different levels
Some enterprises may want 99.999% or Five
Nines availability
Availability
Availability is calculated By:
Percentage=
(no.of minutes in year -down time)
100
(no. of minutes in a year)
Availability
For example :
If network is not available for 15 minutes in
a year.
Percentage= (525600 -15)

(525600)
100
= 99.9971%
Availability
Example 2
A service is available 24 hours a day ,7 days
a week. One hour a Downtime is calculated
as follow:
we know 24*7=168
=[(168 hours-1 down time)/168]*100
=(167/168)*100
=99.4 % availability
10
11
Down time
12
What is reliability
Reliability indicates the dependability of the
components that make up a network such as
routers ,switches ,servers and computers
Reliability is often measured as a probability of
failure
Reliability is often used as a general term that
refers to the quality of a product
Failure rate
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) or
MTTF (Mean Time to Failure)
MTTR (Mean Time to Repair)
13
Availability
Availability can also be expressed as a mean

time between failure (MTBF) and mean time
to repair (MTTR)
Availability = MTBF/(MTBF + MTTR)
For example:
The network should not fail more than once
every 4,000 hours (166 days) and it should
be fixed within one hour
4,000/4,001 = 99.98% availability
14
Network Performance
Common performance factors include
Bandwidth
Throughput
Bandwidth utilization
Offered load
Accuracy
Efficiency
Delay (latency)
Response time
15
Bandwidth Vs. Throughput

Bandwidth and throughput are not the same
thing
Bandwidth is the data carrying capacity of
a circuit
Usually specified in bits per second
Throughput is the quantity of error free
data transmitted per unit of time
Measured in bps, Bps, or packets per
second (pps)
16
17
Other Factors that Affect Throughput

The size of packets
Inter-frame gaps between packets
Packets-per-second ratings of devices that forward
packets
Client speed (CPU, memory, and HD access speeds)
Server speed (CPU, memory, and HD access speeds)
Network design
Protocols
Distance
Errors
Time of day, etc., etc., etc.
18
Performance (continued)
Offered load
Sum of all the data all network nodes have
ready to send at a particular time.
Traffic in the queue
Accuracy
The amount of useful traffic that is correctly
transmitted, relative to total traffic
19
Efficiency
An analysis of how much effort is required

to produce a certain amount of data
throughput
How much overhead is required to deliver

an amount of data?
20
Efficiency
How large can packets be?

Larger better for efficiency (and goodput)
But too large means too much data is lost if a packet
is damaged
How many packets can be sent in one bunch without
an acknowledgment?
21
22
Delay from the Users Point of View
Response Time
A function of the application
and the equipment the
application is running on, not
just the network
Most users expect to see
something on the screen in
100 to 200 milliseconds
23
Security
Focus on requirements first
Identify network assets
Including their value and the expected cost
associated with losing them due to a
security problem
Analyze security risks
24
Security
Network Assets
Hardware
Software
Applications
Data
Intellectual property
Trade secrets
Companys reputation
25
Security
Security Risks
Hacked network devices
Data can be intercepted, analyzed, altered,
or deleted
User passwords can be compromised
Device configurations can be changed
Reconnaissance attacks
Denial-of-service attacks
26
Manageability
Fault management
Configuration management
Accounting management
Performance management
Security management
27
Usability
Usability: the ease of use with which
network users can access the network and
services
Networks should make users jobs easier
Some design decisions will have a negative
affect on usability:
Strict security, for example
28
Adaptability
Avoid incorporating any design elements
that would make it hard to implement new
technologies in the future
Change can come in the form of new
protocols, new business practices, new
fiscal goals, new legislation
A flexible design can adapt to changing
traffic patterns and Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements
29
Affordability
A network should carry the maximum
amount of traffic possible for a given
financial cost
Affordability is especially important in
campus network designs
WANs are expected to cost more, but costs
can be reduced with the proper use of
technology
Quiet routing protocols, for example
30

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Top-Down Network Design

Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Scalability refers to the ability to grow

How easily the network can grow

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Accommodate more users

If you design an optimizer network only for today

Network should be designed with growth in mind

Dont designed a network and purchase network

Measure of probability that the network will

It is represented a percentage of time that

It is not much good that having a network if

Availability can be expressed as a percent

In network Uptime means the network is

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Availability can be expressed as a percent uptime

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Availability is calculated By:

(no.of minutes in year -down time)

(no. of minutes in a year)

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Percentage= (525600 -15)

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Availability can also be expressed as a mean

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Bandwidth Vs. Throughput

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Other Factors that Affect Throughput

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

An analysis of how much effort is required

How much overhead is required to deliver

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

How large can packets be?

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Delay from the Users Point of View

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

Compiled By : Miss Kiran Ayub

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