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    Hard Disks: - Low-Level Format

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    عبدالله النجار
    This document discusses the organization and formatting of hard disks and other storage devices. It covers the following key points: Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors. They are partitioned and formatted to define where files are stored. Formatting creates a file allocation table (FAT) to locate files. Storage devices include IDE, SCSI, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk mirroring or striping with parity. Files are organized on disks in clusters across cylinders and sectors. Partitioning and formatting prepare the storage device for use by an operating system.

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    Hard Disks: - Low-Level Format

    Uploaded by

    عبدالله النجار
    108 views21 pages
    This document discusses the organization and formatting of hard disks and other storage devices. It covers the following key points: Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors. They are partitioned and formatted to define where files are stored. Formatting creates a file allocation table (FAT) to locate files. Storage devices include IDE, SCSI, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk mirroring or striping with parity. Files are organized on disks in clusters across cylinders and sectors. Partitioning and formatting prepare the storage device for use by an operating system.

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    hard disk presentation

    Original Title

    Disk

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    This document discusses the organization and formatting of hard disks and other storage devices. It covers the following key points: Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors. They are partitioned and formatted to define where files are stored. Formatting creates a file allocation table (FAT) to locate files. Storage devices include IDE, SCSI, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk mirroring or striping with parity. Files are organized on disks in clusters across cylinders and sectors. Partitioning and formatting prepare the storage device for use by an operating system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    108 views21 pages

    Hard Disks: - Low-Level Format

    Uploaded by

    عبدالله النجار
    This document discusses the organization and formatting of hard disks and other storage devices. It covers the following key points: Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors. They are partitioned and formatted to define where files are stored. Formatting creates a file allocation table (FAT) to locate files. Storage devices include IDE, SCSI, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk mirroring or striping with parity. Files are organized on disks in clusters across cylinders and sectors. Partitioning and formatting prepare the storage device for use by an operating system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Hard Disks

    Low-level format- organizes both sides of each


    platter into tracks and sectors to define where items
    will be stored on the disk.
    Partitioning: divide hard disk into separate areas
    called partitions; each partition functions as if it
    were a separate hard disk drive.
    High-level format defines the file allocation table
    (FAT) for each partition, which is a table of
    information used to locate files on the disk.

    Storage Systems
    Hard Drives
    2 Types: SCSI and IDE
    IDE drives originally developed as alternative to more expensive SCSI
    drives.
    Modern versions called EIDE drives.
    Support up to 4 multigigabyte drives.
    If you want more devices, use SCSI or USB
    Low-level formatted at the factory

    Low Level Formatting


    Low level format scans disk for defects and
    sets aside sectors with defects so they are not
    used for data.
    IDE drives should never be low level
    formatted by a user or technician. Only high
    level format necessary.

    Installing IDE/EIDE drives


    IDE supports TWO drives in a system
    one master (boot disk) and one slave
    set master and slave using jumpers

    EIDE supports FOUR drives per system


    2 drives on each of 2 cables
    only one master, all others are slaves

    IDE and EIDE drives both use 40-pin ribbon


    cable aligned to pin 1

    Hard Drive

    Floppies
    Two sizes
    3.5 inch
    5.25 inch

    3.5 inch holds 1.44 MB for High density and 750 KB


    for Double Density
    Connected with 34 pin ribbon cable
    Two Floppy Drives possible
    Has twist in cable to distinguish A drive from B drive

    SCSI
    Pronounced Scuzzy
    Small Computer Systems Interface
    For wide range of peripheral devices, including hard
    disks, tape drives, optical drives, CD-ROMs and disk
    arrays.
    8 devices can connect to a daisy chain
    This chain must be terminated at both ends
    Each device on chain is assigned unique device ID
    number that is determined by jumpers or DIP switches

    Installing and configuring SCSI

    SCSI bus supports 8 devices


    There are eight SCSI IDs numbered 0 through 7
    ID 7 is always reserved for the SCSI host adapter
    SCSI hard disk, if used as a boot drive, is assigned
    SCSI ID 0
    If you have both IDE and SCSI hard drive, IDE
    drive should be boot drive

    Types of SCSIs
    SCSI 1- 5 MB transfer rate, Centronics 50 pin
    or DB 25, has 8 bit bus
    SCSI 2 -also SCSI Fast Wide, includes 16 bit
    bus , called Wide SCSI, and twice as fast
    transfer rate
    SCSI 3- Includes Ultra SCSI, Wide Ultra
    SCSI, and Ultra 2 SCSI, 16 bit bus with up to
    80 MBps transfer rate

    RAID
    Redundant Array of Independent Disks
    Category of disk drives that employs 2 or more
    drives in combination for fault tolerance (error
    recovery)
    10 levels of RAID
    3 on test will be:
    RAID 0, RAID 3, RAID 5

    RAID continued
    RAID 0- Striped disk without parity
    RAID 3- Parallel transfer with parity
    RAID 5- Data striping with parity

    How Data is Organized on Disk


    Tracks circular areas of the disk
    Length of a track one circumference of disk
    Over 1000 on a hard disk
    Data first written to outer most track
    Sectors Divides tracks sections
    On a floppy 9 sectors exits
    Cylinders Logical groupings of the the same track on each disk surface in a disk unit
    Clusters Groups of sectors used by operating system
    64 sectors in one cluster

    Tracks and sectors


    Can store
    512 bytes

    Sector =
    small arc
    of track

    Track=
    concentric
    circle

    Interleaving
    Allows the read/write head to use the rotation
    of the disk to its advantage
    One sector is written to and the disk skips to
    several sectors down

    Formatting
    Low level formatting done at factory
    Builds the File Allocation Table (FAT)
    Physically scans the disk media for defects

    Remember FAT is always located at Track 0


    High level formatting is automatically done
    during installation of operating system

    Operating System File Systems

    DOS uses FAT


    Windows 3.x uses Virtual FAT
    Win 95 uses VFAT and FAT32
    Win NT uses NTFS

    Partitioning
    FDISK command is used
    Divides hard drive into logical subdivisions
    which are seen by the operating system as
    separate logical hard disks.
    Hard drives divided into primary and extended
    partitions. The primary partition boots the
    system. Can have up to 4 primary partitions

    Partitioning
    Extended can be divided up to 23 times on disk.
    Partitioning disks improves disk efficiency through
    reduced cluster size.
    In DOS, Win 3x and early versions of Win 95 a hard
    disk over 2 GB must be divided into smaller partions
    Now Win 95 and Win 98 can create a primary
    partition of up to 8 GB
    Following partition, the first sector on cylinder 0
    reserved for master boot record

    Disk compression
    Reduce amount of space taken up by files by
    substituting codes for repeating patterns of data
    To access data on compressed disk, must load
    disk compression utility into RAM first
    This disk compression utility works between
    OS and disk controller to intercept requests and
    compress or decompress files- the result is
    slower disk access

    Backing up data
    Archival: full backup- contains everything from
    the hard disk
    Incremental: contains only files that have been
    modified since last (previous) backup
    Differential: backs up all the data modified
    since last full backup
    Copy backup: copy duplicate of file, directory,
    or disk to another disk

    CD ROM
    Capacity of 650 MB
    Transfer speeds of around 24X speed
    X refers to the transfer speed in the first CD ROM,
    which was 150 K

    CD is the slowest device on PC


    When installing to IDE system must be
    configured as slave
    WORM and EO

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