INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE and

TECHNOLOGY

TRANSPORTATION

In 3500 BC
Fixedwheelsoncartsareinvented-thefirstwheeledvehiclesinhistory.

Otherearlywheeledvehiclesincludethechariot.
Thewheeliseverywhereonallourcars,trains,planes,machines,
wagons,andmostfactoryandfarmequipment.Theoldestwheelfound
inarcheologicalexcavationswasdiscoveredinwhatwasMesopotamia
andisbelievedtobeoverfifty-fivehundredyearsold.

In 3500 BC
Riverboatsareinvented-shipswithoars
TheearliestknowledgeofshipscomesfromEgyptianrockdrawings

datingfrom6000BC.Woodwasthemostpopularmaterialfor
shipbuilding.However,someearlycivilizationshadnoquantitiesof
wood.InMesopotamia,thefirstboatswerebuiltoutofinflatedand
stretchedanimalskinsandclaypots.TheEgyptiansusedreeds.Early
woodboatsincluded:rafts,canoes,anddugouts.

In 2000 BC
Horsesare domesticated and used for

transportation.

In 181-234
Thewheelbarrowisinvented.
ChukoLiang(181-234A.D.)ofChinaisconsideredtobetheinventor

ofthewheelbarrow.Liangwasageneralwhousedthewheelbarrows
totransportsuppliesinjuredsoldiers.TheChinesewheelbarrowshad
twowheelsandrequiredtwomentopropelandsteer.

In 770 AD
Ironhorseshoesimprove transportation by

horse

In 1492

Leonardo da Vincifirst to seriously theorize about flying

machines - He had over 100 drawings that illustrated

In 1620
Cornelis Drebbel invented the firstsubmarinean human oared submersible

In 1783
First practicalsteamboatdemonstrated by
Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans
- a paddle wheel steamboat

In 1783
The Montgolfier brothers invent the firsthot air
balloons

In 1769
First self-propelledroad vehicleinvented by
Nicolas Joseph Cugnot

In 1790
Modernbicyclesinvented

In 1867
Firstmotorcycleinvented

In 1871
Firstcable carinvented

In 1903
TheWright Brothersinvent and fly the first
enginedairplane

In 1969
First manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon

In 1981
Space shuttlelaunched

TheHistoryofTransportationspanstheentirehistory

ofmankind.
InearlyPaleolithicandNeolithicages,manwalked
throughhisworldonhisowntwolegs.Hecouldn't
transportmorethanhewasabletocarryonhisown.
BeastsofBurdenbegantobeusedafteranimal
domesticationsometimeinthelaterpartofNeolithic
age.However,eventhenhumanscouldonlycarry
whatcouldbeloadedontoortiedtotheiranimal's
backs.
Itwasonlyaround4000-3500BCthattheveryfirst
steptowardsman-madetransportationwastaken
thewheelwasinvented.Whatfollowedthereafterstill
continuestomakehistory.

Letusfirstclassifythetransportation

meansandthenattempttounderstand
howhistoryunfoldedforeachone.

Broadlyspeaking,transportationmeanscan
beclassifiedasunder:Landtransport
Watertransport
Airtransport
Spacetransport

Land Transport
SometimearoundthelateNeolithicage,man

learnedhowtodomesticateanimals.
Heusedhorseandotherbeastsofburdentonot
onlyhelphimtillthesoilbutalsofortransportation
purposes.
However,theinventionofWheel,around40003500BC,entirelychangedmansoutlooktowards
life.
Transportationbecamefaster.
Notonlycouldmanhimselftravelfasterbutalso
takeloadsofgoodsalongwithhimtodistant
places.Thus,wasalsoborntheideaoftradeand
exchange.

Thelandmarkinventionsthatfollowedareasunder:
Two-wheelchariot-worldsfirstformofwheeled
transportation-inventedinSumeria,around3500
BC.Thiseventuallyledtoinventionoffour-wheel
chariotinduecourse.
Cartdrivenbyasteamturbine,buildbyaJesuit
missionaryinChina1670AD
Modernbicyclesinvented1790AD
RichardTrevithickinventedthefirststeampowered
locomotive(forroads)-1801AD
GeorgeStephensoninventedthefirstpractical
steampoweredrailroadlocomotive1814AD
JeanLenoirmadeagasolineengineautomobile
1862AD

InventionofInternalCombustionEnginebya

FrenchmannamedJeanJosephEtienneLenoir
1860AD
1867-Firstmotorcycleinvented
1885-KarlBenzbuildstheworld'sfirstpractical
automobiletobepoweredbyaninternalcombustion
engine
Firstexperimentofelectricpoweredtrains1895AD
HenryFordimprovestheassemblylineforautomobile
manufacturing1908AD
DuringWorldWarII,thedieselenginecameinto
widespreaduse,andsteamwasalmostcompletely
forgotten.Advancementshavecontinuedtobemade
inthetimesince.

Water Transport
Itisinterestingtonotethatmanhaddeveloped

meansoftravelingonwaterevenbeforehehad
domesticatedthehorse.
Thoughtheoriginofthedugoutboatstillremains
oneofhistorysgreatmysteries,butitdoes
indicatethatmanhadknownhowtotravelon
waterlongbeforeothermeansoftransport
developed.
Thishistorianspointmayhavebeenduetoan
accidentalinvention.Nevertheless,theadditionof
theboatchangedthefaceofwater
transportation.

Atfirst,Simple

boatsevolvedtoincludea
largesquareofcloth
mountedonacentralpole.
Thisclothwascalledasail.
Thesailaidedinnavigation
andwindpressure
propelledtheboat.Soon
thisgavewaytosailpropelledships.Later,
thesesail-propelledships
grewbiggerinsizewhile
sleekerindesign.Firstthe
oarsandruddersandthen
thedeckcoverswerealso
includedintheships
design.

 Withtheadventofautomationin19thcentury,water

transportationchangedforever.Shipsshedtheirsails.
Nowmoregoodsandpeoplecouldbetransportedfaster.
Thelandmarkinventionsinwatertransportationareas

under:
CornelisDrebbelinventedthefirstsubmarinein1620AD
FirstpracticalsteamboatdemonstratedbyMarquis
Claude-1783AD
Steamboatinvented1787AD
Firstdiesel-poweredship1912AD
Hovercraftinvented1956AD
Firstnuclearpoweredshiplaunched1958AD

Air Transport
Mansnextstrideintransportationlookednottotheland,

oreventotheseas,buttothesky.
Althoughmanypeoplehadtoyedwiththeideaofflight,
butthefirstsustained,controlledflighttookplaceonlyin
December17,1903,atKittyHawk,NorthCarolina.
Theinventorsofthisnewflyingmachinewerebrothers
OrvilleandWilburWright,twobicyclemakers.
Theyinventedabicyclepropelledcontraptionwhichlater
evolvedintojet-propelledaircraftcapableofworld-wide
masstransfer.
Itcametobecalledtheaeroplane.Aeroplanemadeit
easierforpeopletotravelgreatdistancesinlesstime.

Thelandmarkinventionsinairtransportationare

asunder:-
LeonardodaVinci-firsttoseriouslytheorize
aboutflyingmachines-withover100drawings
thatillustratedhistheoriesonflight1492AD
TheMontgolfierbrothersinventthefirsthotair
balloons1783AD
TheWrightBrothersinventandflythefirst
engineairplane1903AD
Veryfirsthelicopterthoughanunsuccessful
design1907AD

Space Transport
Manwasntyetsatisfiedandsethis

gazetowardsthenightsky,andthe
stars.
UnitedStates,in1955,announcedthe
formationoftheVanguardSatellite
Programandbeganexploringwhatit
wouldtaketobreakawayfromthe
Earthsgravitationalpullandthus
followedaseriesofexperimentsin
aerospaceengineering.

Thelandmarkeventsinspace
transportationareasunder:-
USSRsSputnikI.-firsteart-orbiting
satellite1957
USSRsVostokI-firstmannedspaceflight1961
ManLandsonmoonAmerican
astronautNeilArmstrongbecamethefirst
mantosetfootonthemoon-1969
USAsEnterprise-firstreusablespace
shuttle-1977

USSRsSPUTNIK1

USAsAPOLLO11

USSRsVOSTOK1

USAsENTERPRISE

Everydevelopmentthatfollowed

madehistory.Recently,USAsNASA
hasalsolauncheditsunmanned
expeditionstootherplanetslikeMars
andPluto.
Withthepaceofdevelopmentsin
aerospaceengineering,thatdayis
notfarwhenwewillseemantravel
asfarasPlutoormaybefurther.

History of Transportation in the Philippines

Pre-HispanicPeriod
InthePre-Hispanicperiod,Manilasoccupantswho
wereMohammedanswereruledbylakanswho
roamedthekingdomonachairwithbamboostilts.
TheseRoyalchairwascarriedbyatleastfour
peopletowhereevertheLakanwished.Theother
peoplewalkedtogetfromoneplacetoanother.
Smallboatscalled,Balangays,wereused
totransport30to100familieswhomigratedfrom
Borneo.
Carabaoswereusednotonlytoplowthefieldbut
alsoasameansoftransportation.

Spanish Period
TheGalleons
usedinthe
Manila-Acapulco
routeandits
purposeswereto
trade,transportgo
odsandfendoff
enemiesofthe
Spaniards

Spanish Period
Horse-driven
Carriages(calesas
andcarretelas)
wereusedinland
roadsandbridges
wereconstructed
andthesecarriages
wereusedby
mostlytheupper
class.

Spanish Period
ThefirstTrancar
(tranvia)wereused
aspublictranspoby
themiddleclassand
workingclass.
OperatedbytheLa
Companiade
TranviasdeFilipas,
thesewerealso
horsedriven
omnibusesthat
seatedabout12
persons.

Spanish Period
Thefirstrailroadsystem

wasbuiltbytheBritish
whichranfromManila
toDagupan
CarsfromEuropewere
introduced
Steamshipthiscame
in1848
Watertransportation
includedsailboats,
bancas,cascosand
prautwereusedas
inter-islandtransport

American Period
1902only10tranviaswereplyingin

Manila.
1903theAmericanofficialsblamedthe
antiquatedpublictransportfortheslow
progressofManila.
1904thefirstelectrictranviawasbuiltto
replacetheoldhorse-drivenones.
TheAmericansalsobroughtwiththem
airplaneswhichweremainlyusedforwar
relatedactivities.
railroadwasimprovedwiththeacquisitionof
theManila-DagupanRailwayCompany
(whicheventuallybecamethe
ManilaRailroadCompany).Railroadlines
wereextendtothenorthandsouthof
Luzon.

American Period
Filipinosenjoyedtheautomobile
Pier7inManilabecamethelargestportofAsia
ManilabecamethetravelCenterofAsia
Inthe1940s,therewere50,000automobilesin

theregion.Thecarabaowasusedasaprimary
transportationsource.Thecountrysfirstpublic
mass-vehiculartransportationservicewastheDe
DiosTransitBusCorpwhichwasfoundinthe
streetsofManila.

After World War II

landedinManila.
WorldWarIIwhichwasparticipatedinbythe
Americansdestroyedmanyofthetranviasthatwere
built.Thus,manymilitaryJeepswereconvertedand
usedaspublictransport.Theseweretheoriginsof
theWillysJeepney.
Airplaneswereusefordomesticandforeigntravel.
InFeb.23,1941PhilippineAirlines,thefirstFilipino
airlineandtheoldestinAsia,wasestablished.
Taxisweremadeavailabletothemasses.
BuseswerefoundinManilasstreets.

WillysJeep

PhilippineAirlines

Modern Period
TheWillysJeepwerereplacedbytheSaraoJeepsthat

weremasstransportationaswellasworksofArt.
October1981thefirstLightRailwayTransitthatran
fromPasaytoMonumentowasconstructedtoaddress
theeverworseningtrafficsituationinthestreetsof
Manilaandtoshortenthetraveltimeofthedaily
commuters.
PhilippineAirlines,acquirednewerandbiggerfleets.
Examplesofwhicharethe747andtheA300planes.
NewairlinecompaniessuchasCebuPacificand
AirPhilippines,wereestablishedinManilaservicing
bothdomesticandinternationalflights.

SaraoJeep

CebuPacificAirlines

LRT

AirPhilippines

Modern Period
InternationalAirlinesbegantheirflightstoManila.
InternationalandDomesticShippingCompaniesprovidedwater

transportswhichusedtheManilaBayastheirmainports.
MoremoderncarswerebroughttoManilainthelikesofthe
Ferrari,theExplorer,andthemoreaffordablesedancarssuch
asToyota,Nissan,andMitsubishi.
ThenewerFXAsianUtilityVehiclesbecameacommonmode
ofpublictransportation.ThesewereJeepsthatareairconditionedandchargemoreexpensivefaresthantheregular
jeepneys.
Tricyles,whichweremotobikestowhichafabricatedcartis
attached,servicedtheareaswhichtheotherpublic
transportationdidnotreach.Avariantofthisvehicleisthe
Trisikadwhichusesabicycleinsteadofamotorbike.

FXTaxi

Tricycle

YellowTaxi

Trisikad

Electric cars

Commercial space flights

ASSIGNMENT
FUTURETRANSPORTATION/

TRANSPORTATIONOFTHE
FUTURE