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    Gluconeogenesis

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    joe
    Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney cortex through a series of enzymatic reactions that are largely the reverse of glycolysis. These reactions convert substrates like pyruvate and oxaloacetate into the intermediates of glycolysis and ultimately glucose-6-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated to glucose. Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis include pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase.

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    Gluconeogenesis

    Uploaded by

    joe
    226 views30 pages
    Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney cortex through a series of enzymatic reactions that are largely the reverse of glycolysis. These reactions convert substrates like pyruvate and oxaloacetate into the intermediates of glycolysis and ultimately glucose-6-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated to glucose. Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis include pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase.

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    Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney cortex through a series of enzymatic reactions that are largely the reverse of glycolysis. These reactions convert substrates like pyruvate and oxaloacetate into the intermediates of glycolysis and ultimately glucose-6-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated to glucose. Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis include pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    226 views30 pages

    Gluconeogenesis

    Uploaded by

    joe
    Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney cortex through a series of enzymatic reactions that are largely the reverse of glycolysis. These reactions convert substrates like pyruvate and oxaloacetate into the intermediates of glycolysis and ultimately glucose-6-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated to glucose. Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis include pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase.

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    The key takeaways are that gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver and kidneys. The main substrates used are glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol and propionate.

    The main substrates used in gluconeogenesis are glucogenic amino acids like alanine and lactate. Other substrates include glycerol and propionate.

    The three main bypass reactions involved in gluconeogenesis are: 1) Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase or PEP carboxykinase. 2) Conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. 3) Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose by glucose 6-phosphatase.

    GLUCONEOGENESIS

    Biosynthesis of glucose
    3 4 carbon noncarbohydrate precursors
    Enzymes located in the cytosol
    Gluconeogenic organs
    Liver
    Kidney cortex

    Fates
    Catabolism by nervous tissue
    Utilization by skeletal muscles

    GLUCONEOGENESIS
    SUBSTRATES
    GLUCOGENIC AMINO ACIDS
    LACTATE
    GLYCEROL
    PROPIONATE

    PRECURSORS
    GLUCOSE

    Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate


    PROPIONATE
    Dihydroxyacetone
    phosphate

    Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate

    Phosphoenolpyruvate

    Glycerol 3 - phosphate

    SUCCINYLCoA

    Oxaloacetate
    GLYCEROL
    ALANINE
    LACTATE

    PYRUVATE

    Other
    amino acids

    CORI CYCLE
    SKELETAL MUSCLE

    GLUCOSE

    BLOOD

    LIVER

    GLUCOSE

    2ATP
    6 ATP

    2 PYRUVATE

    2 PYRUVATE

    2 LACTATE

    2 LACTATE

    GLUCOSE

    Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate


    LACTATE
    DHAP

    Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate

    PYRUVATE
    1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

    PYRUVATE
    3 - Phosphoglycerate

    2 - Phosphoglycerate

    Phosphoenolpyruvate

    OAA

    OXALOACETATE

    PEP

    GLUCOSE - ALANINE CYCLE


    SKELETAL MUSCLE

    GLUCOSE

    BLOOD

    LIVER

    GLUCOSE

    2ATP
    6 ATP

    2 PYRUVATE

    2 PYRUVATE
    2NH2

    2NH2

    2 ALANINE

    2 ALANINE

    UREA

    GLUCOSE
    ATP

    H2O

    Glucose 6 - phosphate
    Fructose 6 - phosphate
    H2O

    ATP

    Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate


    2NADH

    2NADH
    2ATP

    ATP

    Phosphoenolpyruvate
    2GTP
    ATP

    2 Oxaloacetate
    2ATP

    2 PYRUVATE

    BYPASS REACTIONS
    PYRUVATE to PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
    PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
    Generates OXALOACETATE
    Mitochondrial matrix
    ATP Dependent
    BIOTIN dependent
    ACETYL CoA positive allosteric activator

    BYPASS REACTIONS
    PYRUVATE to PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
    PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
    CARBOXYKINASE
    Decarboxylation and phosphorylation
    Cytosol
    Reversible
    GTP Dependent

    PEP CARBOXYKINASE
    O

    PEP
    CARBOXYKINASE
    G
    CO2

    OC O
    CCO O
    CCH
    O2
    C2 O
    CH
    O
    PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
    OXALOACETATE

    BYPASS REACTIONS
    FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE to
    FRUCTOSE 6 - PHOSPHATE
    FRUCTOSE 1,6 - BISPHOSPHATASE
    LIVER
    KIDNEY
    SKELETAL MUSCLE

    BYPASS REACTIONS
    GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE to GLUCOSE
    GLUCOSE 6 - PHOSPHATASE
    Irreversible
    Hydrolysis
    Endoplasmic reticulum of the liver
    Absent in the brain and skeletal muscle
    Requires Mg+

    SUMMARY of REACTIONS
    REACTANTS

    PRODUCTS

    Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP +H2O

    Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi

    Oxaloacetate + GTP

    Phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP

    Phosphoenolpyruvate

    2 phosphoglycerate

    2 phosphoglycerate

    3 - phosphoglycerate

    3 phosphoglycerate + ATP

    1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

    1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + NADH

    Glyceraldehyde 3 PO4

    Glyceraldehyde 3 PO4

    Dihydroxyacetone PO4

    G3-P + DHAP

    Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

    Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

    Fructose 6 phosphate

    Fructose 6 phosphate

    Glucose 6 phosphate

    Glucose 6 phosphate

    GLUCOSE

    GLYCOGEN
    HO
    CH

    (16)glycosidic bond

    HO
    CH

    HOCH2

    HOCH2

    HOCH2

    HOCH2

    O
    O

    HOCH2

    O
    O

    14 glycosidic bond

    HOCH2

    O
    O

    HOCH2

    O
    O

    O
    O

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
    GLYCOGENESIS
    Phosphorylation of glucose
    Requires activated glucose
    UDP Glucose
    UDP Glu pyrophosphorylase

    GLYCOGENIN
    332 amino acids
    Self-glucosylating enzyme
    Glycogen primer

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE Reaction


    GLYCOGEN
    SYNTHASE
    CH OH
    2

    O
    4 OH 1

    HO

    U
    O

    CH2OH

    HO

    CH2OH

    CH2OH

    4 OH 1

    4 OH 1

    4 OH 1

    O HO

    HO
    HO

    O
    HO

    GLYCOGEN
    GLYCOGENIN
    +1

    O
    HO

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
    GLUCOSE
    ATP

    HEXOKINASE
    ADP

    GLUCOSE 6 PO4
    PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE
    Glucose 1 - PO4
    UTP

    UDP-Glc PYROPHOSPHORYLASE

    PPi

    UDP - GLUCOSE
    (Glucose)n

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE

    (Glucose)n +1

    GLYCOGEN

    BRANCH Formation
    1, 6 glycosidic bond
    Branching enzyme
    amylo 1,4 1,6 transglycosylase
    Transfers terminal residues
    6 -7 residues
    O
    O
    O
    O

    O
    O

    O
    O

    BRANCHING
    ENZYME
    O
    O

    O
    O

    4
    O

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
    O
    O

    O
    O

    O
    4

    GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION
    GLYCOGENOLYSIS
    Phosphorolysis
    Requires inorganic phosphate
    1, 4 glycosidic bond
    Glucose 1 - phosphate

    GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
    GLYCOGEN
    PHOSPHORYLASE
    HPO4

    CH2OH

    CH2OH

    CH2OH

    CH2OH

    4 OH 1

    4 OH 1

    4 OH 1

    4 OH 1

    O HO

    HO
    HO

    O HO
    HO

    O
    HO

    GLYCOGEN
    GLYCOGEN- 1

    O
    HO

    DEBRANCHING ENZYME
    GLYCOGEN
    GLUCAN
    PHOSPHORYLASE
    TRANSFERASE

    O
    O

    O
    O

    Amylo 1 6
    Glucosidase

    O
    O

    O
    O

    O
    O

    O
    O

    4
    O

    GLYCOGENOLYSIS
    P

    PHOSPHORYLASE
    P

    GLUCAN
    TRANSFERASE

    1,6 GLUCOSIDASE

    H2O
    P

    GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
    Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of
    GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE,
    OLIGOTRANSFERASE, and 1, 6
    GLUCOSIDASE
    Glycogen is synthesized by a different pathway
    involving GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE and a
    BRANCHING ENZYME.
    SYNTHESIS and DEGRADATION are
    RECIPROCALLY REGULATED.

    CARBOHYDRATES
    function

    are
    Organic
    compounds

    Energy
    releasing

    derivatives

    substrates

    TCAC

    Polyhydroxyl
    alcohols
    classified as

    Structure

    Monosaccharides

    oxidized

    precursors of

    Polysaccharides

    as

    Glycolysis
    HMP Shunt

    Glycogen

    Disaccharides

    Gluconeogenesis

    Hexose
    Transporters
    Absorbed by

    STARCH
    hydrolyzed

    Amylases and
    Oligosaccharidases

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