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    Fracture: Edfran Jed A. Serino MSN 303

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    Edfran Jed Serino
    A fracture is a broken bone caused by physical trauma or weakening of the bone. There are several types of fractures including closed/simple fractures where the bone breaks but there is no open wound, and open/compound fractures where the broken bone pierces the skin. Fractures are diagnosed through physical examination, patient history, and imaging tests like x-rays. Treatment depends on the type of fracture but generally involves realigning the broken bone and immobilizing it to allow healing, which may take several months. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, maintaining mobility and nutrition, and preventing complications during recovery.

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    Fracture: Edfran Jed A. Serino MSN 303

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    Edfran Jed Serino
    80 views34 pages
    A fracture is a broken bone caused by physical trauma or weakening of the bone. There are several types of fractures including closed/simple fractures where the bone breaks but there is no open wound, and open/compound fractures where the broken bone pierces the skin. Fractures are diagnosed through physical examination, patient history, and imaging tests like x-rays. Treatment depends on the type of fracture but generally involves realigning the broken bone and immobilizing it to allow healing, which may take several months. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, maintaining mobility and nutrition, and preventing complications during recovery.

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    Fracture

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    A fracture is a broken bone caused by physical trauma or weakening of the bone. There are several types of fractures including closed/simple fractures where the bone breaks but there is no open wound, and open/compound fractures where the broken bone pierces the skin. Fractures are diagnosed through physical examination, patient history, and imaging tests like x-rays. Treatment depends on the type of fracture but generally involves realigning the broken bone and immobilizing it to allow healing, which may take several months. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, maintaining mobility and nutrition, and preventing complications during recovery.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    80 views34 pages

    Fracture: Edfran Jed A. Serino MSN 303

    Uploaded by

    Edfran Jed Serino
    A fracture is a broken bone caused by physical trauma or weakening of the bone. There are several types of fractures including closed/simple fractures where the bone breaks but there is no open wound, and open/compound fractures where the broken bone pierces the skin. Fractures are diagnosed through physical examination, patient history, and imaging tests like x-rays. Treatment depends on the type of fracture but generally involves realigning the broken bone and immobilizing it to allow healing, which may take several months. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, maintaining mobility and nutrition, and preventing complications during recovery.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    FRACTURE

    Edfran Jed A. Serino


    MSN 303

    INTRODUCTIO
    N

    A
    fracture
    is the
    medical
    term for
    a broken
    bone.

    INTRODUCTION
    It occurs when a force
    exerted against a bone
    is stronger than the
    bone can bear.
    This disturbs the
    structure and strength of
    the bone, and leads to
    pain, loss of function and
    sometimes bleeding and
    injury around the site.

    ETIOLOGY
    Bones are very strong and are designed to absorb shock if you fall or are in an
    accident, but your bones can only absorb so much pressure before breaking.

    Trauma. A fall, a motor vehicle


    accident, or intentional injury
    Osteoporosis. This disorder
    weakens bones and makes
    them more likely to break.
    Overuse. Repetitive motion
    can tire muscles and place
    more force on bone. This can
    result in stress fractures that
    are common in athletes.

    TYPES OF BONE FRACTURE


    Closed/Simple
    Bone breaks but
    there is no open
    wound.

    TYPES OF BONE FRACTURE

    Open/Compound
    The bone breaks
    through the skin.

    TYPES OF BONE FRACTURE


    Complete/
    Displaced
    The bone snaps into
    two or more parts
    and moves so that
    the two ends are not
    lined up straight.

    TYPES OF BONE FRACTURE


    Incomplete/
    Non-Displaced
    The bone cracks
    either part or all of
    the way through, but
    does move and
    maintains its proper
    alignment.

    Simple Fractures Based On Patterns

    Common Fracture Sites

    Clavicle
    Humerus
    Radius and Ulna
    Femur (often
    associated with
    child abuse)
    Epiphyseal plates
    (potential for
    growth deformity)

    Signs & Symptoms


    The signs and symptoms of a fracture vary according to which bone is affected,
    the patient's age and general health, as well as the severity of the injury.

    Intense pain
    Numbness and tingling
    Swelling, bruising or
    bleeding
    Out-of-place or deformity
    of limb or joint
    Limited mobility or
    inability to move a limb

    Anatomy & Physiology


    of the Skeletal System
    The adult human skeleton is a framework of 206 bones and is anatomically
    divided into two parts, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

    The axial skeleton runs


    along the bodys midline axis
    and is made up of 80 bones
    in the following regions:

    Skull
    Hyoid
    Auditory Ossicles
    Ribs
    Sternum
    Vertebral Column

    Anatomy & Physiology


    of the Skeletal System
    The
    appendicular
    skeleton is made up of
    126
    bones
    in
    the
    following regions:

    Upper Limbs
    Lower Limbs
    Pelvic Girdle
    Pectoral Girdle

    Anatomy & Physiology


    of the Skeletal System
    Types of Bones
    Long bones- are longer than they are wide
    and are the major bones of the limbs.
    Short bones- are about as long as they
    are wide and are often cubed or round in
    shape.
    Flat bones- vary greatly in size and shape,
    but have the common feature of being very
    thin in one direction.
    Irregular bones- have a shape that does
    not fit the pattern of the long, short, or flat
    bones.
    Sesamoid bones- are formed after birth
    inside of tendons that run across joints.

    Anatomy & Physiology


    of the Skeletal System
    Support
    and
    ProtectionThe
    skeletal systems primary function is to
    form a solid framework that supports
    and protects the body's organs and
    anchors the skeletal muscles.
    Movement- The bones of the skeletal
    system act as attachment points for
    the skeletal muscles of the body.
    Hematopoiesis- Red bone marrow
    produces red and white blood cells in a
    process known as hematopoiesis.
    Storage- The skeletal system stores
    many different types of essential
    substances to facilitate growth and
    repair of the body.

    Fracture Healing
    Reparative process of selfhealing (union) occurs in the
    following stages:

    Fracture hematoma (d/t


    bleeding, edema)

    Granulation
    tissue

    osteoid (3 14 days post


    injury)

    Callus formation (minerals


    deposited in osteoid)

    Ossification (3 wks 6 mos)

    Consolidation
    (distance
    between
    fragments
    decreases closes)

    Remodeling
    (union
    completed; remodels to
    original shape, strength)

    Diagnosis
    A doctor will carry out a physical
    examination, identify signs and
    symptoms and make a diagnosis.
    The patient will be interviewed or friends, relatives or witnesses
    if
    the
    patient
    cannot
    communicate properly - and
    asked about circumstances that
    clearly caused the injury or may
    have caused it.
    Doctors will often order an X-ray.
    In some cases an MRI or CT scan
    may also be ordered.

    LABORATORIES & DIAGNOSTIC


    TESTS
    Radiographic Examination
    Radiographic examination (X-RAY) reveals
    initial injury and subsequent healing
    progress.
    A comparison film of an opposite,
    unaffected extremity is often used to look
    for subtle changes in the affected extremity.

    Bone Scans, Tomograms, MRI & CT Scan


    Visualizes fractures, bleeding, and softtissue damage.
    Differentiates
    between
    stress/trauma
    fractures and bone neoplasms.

    Blood Studies
    Blood studies reveal bleeding (decreased
    hemoglobin and hematocrit) and muscle
    damage (elevated aspartate transaminase).

    TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT


    Bone healing is a natural
    process which in most cases
    will occur automatically.

    Fracture treatment is usually


    aimed at making sure there is
    the best possible function of
    the injured part after healing.

    Treatment also focuses on


    providing the injured bone
    with the best circumstances
    for
    optimum
    healing
    (immobilization).

    First Aid
    Don't move the person except if necessary to avoid further injury.
    Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help:

    Stop any bleeding.


    Immobilize
    the
    injured area.
    Apply ice packs to
    limit swelling and
    help relieve pain.
    Treat for shock.

    Medical & Surgical


    Management of Fracture
    Doctors use a variety of treatments to treat
    fractures.
    All forms of treatment of
    broken bones follow one
    basic rule:
    The broken pieces
    must be put back into
    position and
    prevented from
    moving out of place
    until they are
    healed.

    Medical & Surgical


    Management of Fracture
    Cast

    Temporary
    circumferential
    immobilization
    device.
    (Plaster or Fiberglass)

    Functional Cast or Brace

    The cast or brace allows


    limited
    or
    "controlled"
    movement of nearby joints.

    Traction

    Traction is usually used to


    align a bone or bones by a
    gentle, steady pulling action.

    Medical & Surgical


    Management of Fracture
    Close Reduction
    Fragments
    aligned
    manipulation
    casted.

    are
    with
    and

    Open Reduction
    Surgical
    Exposure
    and
    repair
    with
    plates and screws.

    Expected outcomes
    Usually curable with skillful first
    aid and aftercare.
    The broken bone should be
    manipulated,
    realigned
    and
    immobilized as soon as possible.
    Realignment
    is
    much
    difficult after 6 hours.

    more

    Healing time varies.


    Recovery is complete when there
    is no bone motion at the fracture
    site, and X-rays show complete
    healing.

    Possible Complications
    Problems associated with
    immobility
    Venous stasis and
    thromboembolism
    Pulmonary emboli and fat emboli
    Failure to heal (non-union)
    Growth problems
    Nerve damage
    Infection
    Shock

    NURSING DIAGNOSIS
    Acute pain related breakdown of continuity of the bone as
    evidenced by facial expressions and verbalization of patient.

    Goal: Patient will not feel


    pain
    Intervention:

    Assess the onset, duration,


    location,
    severity
    and
    intensity of pain.
    Administer
    the
    analgesic
    according to physician order.
    Provide comfort devices like
    sand bags for immobilization
    of affected parts.

    NURSING DIAGNOSIS
    Impaired physical mobility related to application of traction or
    cast as evidenced by assessment.

    Goal: Patient will able to move


    unaffected area.
    Intervention:

    Provide
    range
    of
    motion
    exercises to the patient.
    Assist the patient in ambulation
    after recovery of fracture.
    Provide assistance while using
    walker or crutches if required.
    Prevent
    from
    complication
    which usually occurs due to
    immobility.

    NURSING DIAGNOSIS
    Self-care deficit related to fracture as evidenced by poor
    personal hygiene.

    Goal: Patient will maintain


    the personal hygiene
    Intervention:

    Assess the need of self-care


    Encourage the patient or
    relatives
    to
    do
    self-care
    activity
    Head to foot care to be
    provided to the patient.
    Educate about importance of
    maintaining personal hygiene.

    NURSING DIAGNOSIS
    Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement relate to increase
    demand of nutrient for bone healing as evidenced by observation.

    Goal: Maintain the nutritional


    status of the patient
    Intervention:

    Assess the nutritional status by


    intake/output chart, biochemical
    measures, body mass.
    Maintain intake output chart daily.
    Encourage the patient to take
    protein rich diet.
    Plenty of fluids and frequent
    intake of meal is necessary.
    Try to assess the daily weight of
    the client.

    NURSING MANAGEMENT
    Patients with Closed Fractures
    Encourage patient not to mobilize
    fracture site.
    Exercise to maintain the health of
    unaffected muscles for using assistive
    devices (e.g., crutches, walker).
    Teach patients how to use assistive
    devices safely.
    Patient teaching includes self-care,
    medication information, monitoring
    for potential complications, and the
    need for continuing health care
    supervision.

    NURSING MANAGEMENT
    Patients with Open Fractures
    Administers tetanus prophylaxis if indicated.
    Wound irrigation and debridement in the
    operating room are necessary.
    Intravenous antibiotics are
    prevent or treat infection.

    prescribed

    to

    Fracture is carefully reduced and stabilized by


    external fixation or intramedullary nails.
    Any damage to blood vessels, soft tissue,
    muscles, nerves, and tendons is treated.
    Heavily contaminated wounds are left
    unsutured and dressed with sterile gauze to
    permit swelling and wound drainage.

    NURSING MANAGEMENT
    General Preventive Measures
    A diet rich in calcium and Vitamin D will
    promote bone strength.
    Weight bearing exercise also helps keep
    bones strong.
    Maintain a safe home environment.
    Wear protective gear for sports.
    Don't drink alcohol or use mind-altering
    drugs and drive. Use your auto seat belt.
    If you have osteoporosis, adhere to your
    treatment program, and avoid situations
    in which injury is likely.

    QUESTIONS?
    THANK YOU FOR LISTENING & GOD BLESS US
    ALL

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