Perception

Definition
Perception is a process by which

individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
Stephen
Robbins
Perception includes all those processes

by which an individual receives
information about the environmentseeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and
smelling. The study of these perceptual
processes shows that their functioning
is affected by three classes of variables:
the objects or events being perceived,
the environment in which the
perception occurs and the individual
doing the perceiving.
K. Ashwathappa
Perception is the process of

acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and
organizing sensory information.
FEATURES OF PERCEPTION
Intellectual process sensation vs.
perception
Basic cognitive or psychological
process
Subjective process
Cognition is the act of knowing an

item of information. Precedes
behaviour. Gives input into a
persons thinking and perception.
Cognitive process is complex. It
arranges information in a sequential
order.
NATURE OF PERCEPTION
A complex cognition process, giving
a unique interpretation of the world.
Difference between perceptual world
& real world.
Problems occurring in organizations
are often found to be the problems of
perception.
Why Is it Important?
Because peoples behaviour is
based on their perception of what
reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the
world that is behaviourally
important.
Factors influencing perception

The Situation
1.Time
2. Work setting
3. Social setting
Perceptio
n
The Perceived
1.Verbal
communicatio
n
2.Non-verbal
3.Physical
Appearance/
size
The Target
The
1. Perceiv
Attitudes
2. Moods
3. er
Motives
4. Self-concept
5. Interest
6. Cognitive
structure
7. Expectations
Characteristics that greatly influence

how a person perceives others
Knowing oneself makes it easier to see
others accurately.
One's own characteristics affect the
characteristics one is likely to see in others
People who accept themselves are more
likely to be able to see favorable aspects of
other people.
Accuracy in perceiving others is not a
single skill.
Exhibit 2-1 Figure-Ground

Illustrations
Exhibit 2-2 Factors that Influence

Perception
The Situation
Time
The Perceiver
Work setting
Social setting
Attitudes
Motives
Perception
Interests
Experience
Expectations
The Target
Novelty
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
INTRODUCTION
Human beings may differ because of their
differences & uniqueness.
People often see the same
situation/ phenomenon differently within
the organisation & outside the
organisation. For example: when there is
an accident in the factory,the supervisor
may treat it as the carelessness of worker
while the worker may treat it as lack of
adequate provision of security measures.
Thus the situation remaining the

same, cause have been assigned
differently by different group of
people. In order to understand why
people see the same situation
differently,one has to understand
PERCEPTION & its different aspect.
WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?
Perception is a congnitive process. congnition is
basically bit of information, congnitive process
involves the way in which people
process/understand that information.
Perception process involves
selecting,organising and interpreting the
stimulus. Thus perception is the process
selecting, organising and interpreting or
attaching meaning to the events happening in
the environment. However, what one can
perceive can be different from objective
reality. Their need not be but there is

often, disagreement. For example: its
possible that all the employee in a firm
may view it as a great place to work
favourable working conditions,
intresting job assignment, good pay
and excellent benefit but as most of us
know,its very unusal to find such
agreement.
DEFINITION
PERCEPTION may be defined as a
process by which individual organise
and interpret their sensory impression
in order to give meaning to their
environment.
The Perceptual
Process
Environmental Stimuli
Feeling
Hearing
Seeing
Smelling
Selective Attention
Organization and
Interpretation
Attitudes and
Behaviors
Tasting
Perception Defined
The process of selecting,
organizing, and
interpreting information
in order to make sense
of the world around us.
Bob Finlayson/Newspix
Perceptual Process Model

Environmental Stimuli
Feeling
Hearing
Seeing
Smelling
Selective Attention
Organization and
Interpretation
Attitudes and
Behavior
Tasting
Selective Attention
Characteristics of the object
size, intensity, motion, repetition,
novelty
Perceptual context
Characteristics of the perceiver
attitudes
perceptual defense
expectations -- condition us to expect
events
Perceptual
Organization/Interpretation
Categorical thinking
Mostly unconscious process of organizing
people/things
Perceptual grouping principles
Closure -- filling in missing pieces
Identifying trends
Similarity or proximity
Mental models
Broad world-views or theories-in-use
Help us to quickly make sense of situations
May block recognition of new
opportunities/perspectives

Perception

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What are the different factors that influence perception?

What are the steps involved in the perceptual process?

Definition

Perception is a process by which

Perception includes all those processes

Perception is the process of

Cognition is the act of knowing an

Factors influencing perception

Characteristics that greatly influence

Exhibit 2-1 Figure-Ground

Exhibit 2-2 Factors that Influence

Thus the situation remaining the

reality. Their need not be but there is

Perceptual Process Model

Closure -- filling in missing pieces

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