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    Intro To Basic Fire Alarm Technology

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    حسام بالشطه واليمون
    This document provides an overview of basic fire alarm technology, including the components of a fire alarm control system and how they work together. It describes the main controller as the "brains" that provides power and monitors inputs and outputs. It also discusses the different types of initiating devices like smoke detectors and manual pull stations that activate the system, as well as notification appliances like horns and strobes that provide outputs. Finally, it provides information on conventional, addressable, and intelligent fire alarm control panel types and some common fire safety terminology.

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    Intro To Basic Fire Alarm Technology

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    حسام بالشطه واليمون
    124 views37 pages
    This document provides an overview of basic fire alarm technology, including the components of a fire alarm control system and how they work together. It describes the main controller as the "brains" that provides power and monitors inputs and outputs. It also discusses the different types of initiating devices like smoke detectors and manual pull stations that activate the system, as well as notification appliances like horns and strobes that provide outputs. Finally, it provides information on conventional, addressable, and intelligent fire alarm control panel types and some common fire safety terminology.

    Original Description:

    ملف هام جدا لمهندسي الفاير

    Original Title

    Intro to Basic Fire Alarm Technology

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    This document provides an overview of basic fire alarm technology, including the components of a fire alarm control system and how they work together. It describes the main controller as the "brains" that provides power and monitors inputs and outputs. It also discusses the different types of initiating devices like smoke detectors and manual pull stations that activate the system, as well as notification appliances like horns and strobes that provide outputs. Finally, it provides information on conventional, addressable, and intelligent fire alarm control panel types and some common fire safety terminology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    124 views37 pages

    Intro To Basic Fire Alarm Technology

    Uploaded by

    حسام بالشطه واليمون
    This document provides an overview of basic fire alarm technology, including the components of a fire alarm control system and how they work together. It describes the main controller as the "brains" that provides power and monitors inputs and outputs. It also discusses the different types of initiating devices like smoke detectors and manual pull stations that activate the system, as well as notification appliances like horns and strobes that provide outputs. Finally, it provides information on conventional, addressable, and intelligent fire alarm control panel types and some common fire safety terminology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    Intro to

    Basic Fire Alarm


    Technology

    Silent Knight :: 7550 Meridian Circle :: Maple Grove, MN 55369 :: 800-328-0103

    Basic Fire
    Lets examine the
    components that
    make a basic Fire
    Alarm Control
    System.
    2

    Main Controller
    The brains of the
    system
    Provides power to
    the system,
    monitors inputs
    and controls
    outputs through
    various circuits
    Performs other
    functions as
    required by the
    appropriate code
    3

    Elements of a Control Panel


    Requires two Power Sources

    Primary
    (AC)

    Secondary
    (DC)
    4

    Elements of a Control Panel


    Inputs
    A fire alarm
    system can
    have a variety
    of input
    devices.
    Smoke Detector

    Manual Pull Station

    Inputs
    Initiating Device: A system
    component that originates
    transmission of a change of state
    condition, such as a smoke detector,
    manual fire alarm box, supervisory
    switch, etc...
    Initiating Device Circuit (IDC): A circuit
    to which automatic or manual
    initiating devices are connected where
    the signal received does not identify
    the individual device operated
    6

    Elements of a Control Panel


    Outputs

    Horns

    Strobes

    Outputs
    Notification Appliance: A fire
    alarm system component such as
    a bell, horn, speaker, light, or
    text display that provides
    audible, tactile, or visible output,
    or any combination thereof.
    Notification Appliance Circuit: A
    circuit or path directly connected
    to a notification appliance.
    8

    The Basic System


    Main
    Controller

    Inputs

    Primary
    (AC)

    Outputs
    Secondary
    (DC)

    Basic Fire Alarm Technology


    Signal Initiation/Initiating Devices
    Need to understand stages of fire
    and what technology works best for
    each

    10

    The Stages of a Fire


    Stage One
    Incipient: Products of Combustion
    particles are produced (<0.3
    microns). No visible smoke or
    detectable heat. May occur for
    milliseconds or days.
    Use ionization detectors

    11

    The Stages of a Fire


    Stage Two
    Smoldering: Visible smoke particles
    are produced (>0.3 microns). Little
    visible flame or noticeable heat.
    Use Photoelectric Detectors

    12

    The Stages of a Fire


    Stage Three
    Flame: Rapid combustion produces
    radiant energy in the visible, and
    invisible (IR, UV) spectrums. Heat
    begins to buildup at this stage
    Use Spark or Flame Detectors

    13

    The Stages of a Fire


    Stage Four
    High Heat: Uncontrolled combustion
    is caused by the heating of nearby
    combustibles to their ignition point.
    Use Heat Detectors

    Note! Major disadvantages of using


    thermal energy for fire identification
    are
    Takes a while for a fire to be recognized
    The toxic gases that are produced
    before an alarm point is reached
    14

    Types of Detectors
    Photoelectric
    Light Scattering
    Light Obscuration

    Ionization
    Duct
    Heat (Thermal)

    15

    Photoelectric Smoke
    Detectors:
    Light-Scattering Type

    Uses a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) that


    sends a beam of light into a dark
    chamber- a photo diode sits on the
    other side of a partition within the
    chamber
    Smoke particles entering the chamber
    deflect some of the light rays into the
    photo cell. The photo cell generates a
    current when exposed to light, and if
    the current reaches a certain level,
    the detector alarms.
    16

    Photoelectric Smoke
    Detectors:

    Light Obscuration Type

    In a projected Beam
    Detector, alarms
    are generated by
    diffusing the
    projected light
    beam by a specified
    percentage of
    obscuration.
    Total beam
    blockage generally
    results in a trouble
    signal.

    17

    Ionization Smoke Detectors


    Contain a small amount of
    radioactive material encapsulated
    in a metal chamber. Ionizing
    radiation develops a low, but
    steady electrical current. Smoke
    particles entering the chamber
    disrupt the current and trigger the
    detector's alarm.
    Ion detectors react more quickly to
    fast flaming fires that give off little
    smoke.
    18

    Heat Detectors
    Fixed Detectors:
    Alarm when the sensing element reaches a certain
    set point.
    Two common models have 135 and 200-degrees F
    range.
    Fixed element is generally a non-restorable type, and
    when activated, must be replaced.

    Rate-of-Rise Detectors:
    Respond when the rate of temperature increase is
    greater than an allowable limit (15 degrees in 60
    secs.) (placement in a stable environment) (e.g..
    ovens, heating vents, etc.).
    The Rate-of-Rise element is restorable when
    conditions return to normal.

    Rate Compensation will respond regardless of


    the rate of temperature rise.
    19

    Duct Detectors
    Photoelectric
    detector mounted
    in housing outside
    the ductwork that
    has probes that
    extend into the duct
    to sample the air
    inside the duct.
    Primarily used as a
    smoke control
    device to control
    the flow of air in
    ductwork.
    20

    Initiating Devices

    Manual Fire Alarm Stations


    Manually-operated
    device used to
    initiate an alarm
    signal
    Single Action Stations
    require a single
    operation to activate
    it. Generally a pulling
    down action.
    Dual Action Stations
    require two distinct
    operations. A set-up
    and an activating
    action.
    21

    Notification Appliances
    Types
    Audible - Horns, Bells, Sounders,
    Sirens, Chimes, Speakers
    Visual - Strobes
    Physical - Bed shakers
    Olfactory - Smell

    22

    Audible Devices
    Bells: Used if they
    are only for fire, or
    have a distinctive
    sound from other bell
    signaling devices.
    Often used as an
    external gong to
    indicate the flow of
    water in the sprinkler
    system.
    Horns: Loud and
    distinctive output.
    Often used in highnoise environments,
    such as
    manufacturing
    plants.
    23

    Audible Devices
    Sounders: Electronic or
    mechanical audible devices,
    which are capable of producing
    a variety of tones. Often, the
    tone is selectable during
    installation of the device.
    Chimes: Soft-toned appliances
    used where loud noises could
    be disruptive to other
    operations. Generally used
    where qualified personnel are
    continuously in attendance.
    24

    Audible Devices
    Sirens: Extremely
    loud devices
    generally limited in
    use to outdoor or
    heavy industrial
    areas.
    Speakers: Audible
    devices used in
    conjunction with
    voice evacuation
    messages. Life-Safety
    speakers are not
    generally associated
    with Muzak systems.
    25

    Visual Signaling
    Appliances
    Visual signaling appliances
    are used in high-noise
    environments, in areas
    occupied by hearing-impaired
    individuals, or in areas where
    audible devices may not be
    desired.

    26

    Visual Devices
    Strobe

    Chime/Strobe
    Horn/Strob
    e

    Speaker/Strobe

    27

    The Fire Alarm


    Systems

    28

    Types of Fire Alarm


    Control Panels
    Conventional (hard wired)
    Fixed
    Programmable

    Addressable (multiplexed)
    Intelligent (analog data transfer)

    29

    Conventional Hard Wired


    System
    Simplest type of control unit.
    Generally, a single circuit board contains
    power supply, control, initiating and
    notification circuitry.
    Some models use auxiliary circuit boards to
    perform special functions.
    Input/output devices connect to dedicated
    circuits.
    Designated outputs occur when initiating
    signals are received.
    Limited special functions and capabilities.

    30

    Conventional Programmable
    System
    Basic Designed System
    Components selected by the designer
    to meet the direct needs of the
    customer.
    Initiating circuits are programmable for
    fire, waterflow, supervisory service, etc.
    Output circuits are programmable for
    code selection and silenceability.
    On some systems, input-to-output
    CIRCUIT (not device) mapping.
    31

    Addressable System
    Each device (detector, pull station) has a
    unique number assigned to it called the
    address for reporting alarms and troubles.
    Employs a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) Loop
    along which all addressable input and output
    devices are connected to the fire alarm
    control panel.
    Addressable devices transmit an electronic
    message back to the Control Unit
    representing their state (Normal, Alarm,
    Trouble) when polled by the Control Unit.

    32

    Analog System
    Always an Addressable System.
    Processes detailed, analog data
    from detectors about smoke
    levels.
    Can provide sensitivity data for
    each detector.
    Employs Drift Compensation (self
    calibration) in its detectors.
    33

    Terminology

    FACP - Fire Alarm Control Panel.


    FACU - Fire Alarm Control Unit.
    FCC - Federal Communications Commission
    UL - Underwriters Laboratories
    NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency.
    AHJ, LAHJ - Authority Having Jurisdiction, Local AHJ
    ADAAG - Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility
    Guidelines.
    PoC - Products of Combustion
    LED - Light Emitting Diode
    IDC - Initiating Device Circuit
    NAC - Notification Appliance Circuit
    ELR, EOL - End of Line Resistor

    34

    Terminology

    NEC - National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)


    NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturing Association
    EIA - Electronics Industry Association
    Cd - Candela
    dB, dBA - Decibels
    FWR - Full Wave Rectified
    ANSI - American National Standards Institute
    PIV - Post Indicator Valve
    OS&Y - Outside Stem and Yoke Valves
    SFPE - Society for Fire Protection Engineers
    Shall - Indicates a mandatory requirement
    Should - Indicates a recommendation or advisement

    35

    References

    NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code


    NFPA 72 - National Fire Alarm Code
    NFPA 101 - Life Safety Code
    National Electrical Code Handbook,
    NFPA
    Life Safety Code Handbook, NFPA
    Fire Protection Handbook, NFPA
    Fire Alarm Signaling Systems, NFPA

    36

    Basic Fire Alarm


    Technology
    Please visit
    www.farenhyt.com for
    fire alarm system
    solutions for your
    facility
    Silent Knight :: 7550 Meridian Circle :: Maple Grove, MN 55369 :: 800-328-0103

    37

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