Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis
Novy Sylvia Wardana

030.12.193
Definition
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious
infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs.
The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread
from one person to another through tiny droplets
released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Once rare in developed countries,

tuberculosis infections began
increasing in 1985, partly because of
the emergence of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS.
HIV weakens a person's immune system so it

can't fight the TB germs. In the United States,
because of stronger control programs,
tuberculosis began to decrease again in 1993,
but remains a concern, specialy caused problems
social-economic and than have connection with
healthy promblems in people (alkoholism, drug
HIV/AIDS, destitutions , etc).
Etiology
Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that spread
from person to person through microscopic
droplets released into the air.
This can happen when someone with
the untreated, active form of :
1. tuberculosis coughs,
2. speaks,
3. sneezes,
4. spits,
5. laughs or sings.
TB is NOT spread by :
1. shaking someones hand
2. sharing food or drink
3. touching bed linens or toilet seats
4. sharing toothbrushes
5. kissing
Epidemiology
TB risk is higher for people who live in or
travel to countries that have high rates of
tuberculosis, such as:
1. Sub-Saharan Africa
2. India
3. China
4. Mexico
5. The islands of Southeast Asia
6. Parts of the former Soviet Union
7. Indonesia
Pathology
coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings
(microscopic droplets released into the air).
Respiratory system alveolus
Immune system
Arteriol, venous (bloodstream)
can spread to other parts of the body
(Bones, Brain., Liver or kidneys, Heart )
Symtopmathology
Symptoms of TB Disease depend on where in the
body patient. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs
(pulmonary TB). symptoms such as :
1. a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or
longer
2. pain in the chest
3. coughing up blood or sputum
4. weakness or fatigue
5. weight loss
6. no appetite
7. chills
8. fever
9. sweating at night
Risk Faktors
Generally, persons at high risk for developing TB
disease fall into two categories:
1. Persons who have been recently infected with
TB bacteria
2. Persons with medical conditions that weaken the
immune system
Persons who have been Recently
Infected with TB Bacteria, This
includes :
1. Close contacts of a person with
infectious TB disease
2. Persons who have immigrated from areas of the

world with high rates of TB
3. Children less than 5 years of age who have a
positive TB test
4. Groups with high rates of TB transmission, such
as homeless persons, injection drug users, and
persons with HIV infection
5. Persons who work or reside with people
who are at high risk for TB in facilities
or institutions such as hospitals,
homeless shelters, correctional
facilities, nursing homes, and residential
homes for those with HIV
A number of diseases and medications can

weaken your immune system, including:
1. HIV/AIDS
2. Diabetes
3. End-stage kidney disease
4. Certain cancers
5. Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy
6. Drugs to prevent rejection of
transplanted organs
7. Some drugs used to treat rheumatoid
arthritis, Crohn's disease and
psoriasis
8. Malnutrition
9. Very young or advanced age
Diagnosis
1. During the physical exam, your doctor will
check your lymph nodes for swelling and use a
stethoscope to listen carefully to the sounds
your lungs make when you breathe.
2. Blood tests
Blood tests use technology to measure
your immune system's reaction to TB
bacteria.
3. Chest X-ray
This may show white spots in your lungs where

your immune system has walled off TB bacteria,
or it may reveal changes in your lungs caused by
active tuberculosis.
4. Sputum tests
If your chest X-ray shows signs of
tuberculosis, your doctor may take a
samples of your sputum (the mucus)
that comes up when you cough. The
samples are tested for TB bacteria.
Theraphy
1. Protect your family and friends
(Ventilate the room. )
2. Finish your entire course of medication
3. Vaccine and Immunizations
in countries where tuberculosis is
more common, infants often are
vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guerin
(BCG) vaccine because it can prevent
severe tuberculosis in children.
Treatment
TB disease can be treated by taking several
drugs for 6 to 9 months. There are 10 drugs
currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for treating TB. Of the
approved drugs, the first-line anti-TB agents that
form the core of treatment regimens include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
isoniazid (INH)
rifampin (RIF)
ethambutol (EMB)
pyrazinamide (PZA)

Tuberculosis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tuberculosis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tuberculosis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tuberculosis

Novy Sylvia Wardana

Once rare in developed countries,

HIV weakens a person's immune system so it

2. Persons who have immigrated from areas of the

A number of diseases and medications can

This may show white spots in your lungs where

You might also like