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    An A-Cellular Microorganism Consist of A Set of Genes, Composed of Either DNA or RNA Package in A Protein Containing Coat

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    Muhammad Firdauz Kamil
    Viruses are acellular microorganisms composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells. There are two other types of infectious agents simpler than viruses: viroids, which are circular RNA molecules lacking a protein coat; and prions, which are small self-replicating proteins devoid of nucleic acids. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes ranging from nanometers and have a simple organization, unique replication mechanisms, and contain either DNA or RNA. Their life cycle involves adsorption to a host cell, entry, uncoating, transcription/replication of their genes, production of viral components, assembly, and release.

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    An A-Cellular Microorganism Consist of A Set of Genes, Composed of Either DNA or RNA Package in A Protein Containing Coat

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Firdauz Kamil
    115 views11 pages
    Viruses are acellular microorganisms composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells. There are two other types of infectious agents simpler than viruses: viroids, which are circular RNA molecules lacking a protein coat; and prions, which are small self-replicating proteins devoid of nucleic acids. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes ranging from nanometers and have a simple organization, unique replication mechanisms, and contain either DNA or RNA. Their life cycle involves adsorption to a host cell, entry, uncoating, transcription/replication of their genes, production of viral components, assembly, and release.

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    Virus

    Original Title

    Virus

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    Viruses are acellular microorganisms composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells. There are two other types of infectious agents simpler than viruses: viroids, which are circular RNA molecules lacking a protein coat; and prions, which are small self-replicating proteins devoid of nucleic acids. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes ranging from nanometers and have a simple organization, unique replication mechanisms, and contain either DNA or RNA. Their life cycle involves adsorption to a host cell, entry, uncoating, transcription/replication of their genes, production of viral components, assembly, and release.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    115 views11 pages

    An A-Cellular Microorganism Consist of A Set of Genes, Composed of Either DNA or RNA Package in A Protein Containing Coat

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Firdauz Kamil
    Viruses are acellular microorganisms composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells. There are two other types of infectious agents simpler than viruses: viroids, which are circular RNA molecules lacking a protein coat; and prions, which are small self-replicating proteins devoid of nucleic acids. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes ranging from nanometers and have a simple organization, unique replication mechanisms, and contain either DNA or RNA. Their life cycle involves adsorption to a host cell, entry, uncoating, transcription/replication of their genes, production of viral components, assembly, and release.

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    Virus

    An a-cellular microorganism consist of a set of genes,


    composed of either DNA or RNA package in a protein
    containing coat.
    Extracellular : No life activities.
    Its a living materials?
    Intracellular : There are some signs of life

    Two classes of infectious agents that are structurally simpler than viruses:
    1. Viroids : An infectious circular RNA molecules
    (Small piece) that lack protein shells. They
    are responsible for a variety of plant diseases.
    2. Prions : A small protein, self replicating and
    completely devoid nucleic acid. Activate the
    latent gene in the host which codes for prion.

    Viral Distinctive
    Properties
    Very small size : Nanometer.
    Obligatory intracellular parasite.
    Simple organization.
    Unique of Replication Mechanism.
    Nucleic acid content is only DNA or RNA

    Viral host range


    Viruses are divided into 3 main classes :
    Animal Viruses ( Incl. Human )
    Bacterial Viruses ( Bacteriophage)
    Plant Viruses

    Are Viruses
    Alive ?

    Life, is a set of complex processes resulting from


    the actuation of instruction encoded in nucleic acid .
    In all Living Cells; These are actuated all the time.
    In a Virus ; They are actuated only when the viral
    nucleic acid , upon entering a host cell, causes
    the synthesis of virus specific proteins.
    Virus thus alive when they replicate in cells,
    Outside cells viral particles are metabolically inert.

    The role of viruses as infectious agent was


    recognized
    long before their true nature was
    understood:
    1.1898 Loffler and Frosch ; Foot and Mouth Disease.
    2. 1892 Ivanosky ; Plant virus in tobacco leaves.
    3.1908 Ellerman and Bang, tumor producing ability
    of a virus.
    4. 1917, Twort ( England ), DHerelle ( France)
    discover the Bacteriophage

    Viral general morphology


    1. Some viruses resembles crystals. Virions have a regular icosahedral protein shell ( coat ).
    The coat is often called as capsid consist of
    several block proteins called as capsomeres.
    Inside capsid , there are Nucleic acid and Pro
    tein ( Core ).
    Ex. Picornavirus, Adenovirus, Papovavirus.
    Some icosahedral virions have a loose phleomorphic lipid membrane called envelope.
    Ex. Herpes virus and Toga virus.

    2. Some virions form long rod


    The nucleic acid is surrounded by a cylindrical
    capsid ( Helical virions ).
    Ex. Tobacco mosaic virus, Bacteriophage M13.
    Some helical viruses have an additional loose
    lipid membrane called Envelope.
    Ex. Orthomyxovirus
    3. Virions with complicated morphology.
    Some showed no clearly identified capsid, but
    have several coats around the nucleic acid.
    Ex. Pox virus

    Viral Nucleic Acid


    A given virus may contain either DNA or RNA ,
    may be either single or double stranded. The pro
    portion of nucleic acid in the virion varies from
    1 % ( ex. Influenza virus ) to about 50 % in certain Bacteriophage.
    Genetic information per virion varies from about
    3 to 300 kilobases (Kb) per strand. If 1 kb is the
    size of average gene, small viruses contain
    about 3-4 genes, and large viruses contain several hundreds genes.

    Viral Multiplication
    A virus multiplication cycle is typically divided
    into several phases
    1. Adsorption.
    2. Penetration ( Entry ).
    3. Uncoating to release the genome.
    4. Transcription and Replication.
    5. Virion components production
    6. Assembly.
    7. Release from the cell.

    Adsorption is an important step of viral entry


    into the host cell, its important to notice that
    viruses do not have any capacity to move
    and so the collision event is simply a random
    process. Therefore, the rate of adsorption
    determined by the concentration s of virions
    and the host cells

    Several models of Viral Adsorption


    1. Adherent protein into Host cell receptor.
    ( Most adsorptions go to this type )
    Ex. Influenza A, Reovirus, Adenovirus, Epstein
    -Barr virus, Herpes Simplex, HIV, Rabies,
    Poliovirus, Measles, etc.
    2. Direct fusion
    Ex. Paramyxovirus, Retrovirus (HIV-1).
    3. Receptor mediated endocytosis / Viropexis
    Ex. Poliovirus, Reovirus, Adenovirus.

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