Lect03 - Strain Transformation

EAT 115/4
Strength of Materials
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki Wan Omar
Lecture 3:
Strain Transformation
Plane Strain
General state of strain at a point in a body is
represented by 3 normal strains x y z and 3

shear strains x y z .
The normal and shear strain components will vary
according to the orientation of the element.
Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

EAT115/Strength of Materials
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

Strain-transformation equations
x y x y
xy
cos 2
sin 2
2
2
2

y ' x y x y cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
2
x' y'
xy
x y
sin 2

cos 2
2
2
2
x'

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

Principal Strains
xy
tan 2 p
x y
1, 2
x y
x y
xy

2
2
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain

Maximum in-plane shear strain and associated
average normal strain are as follow:
x y
tan 2 S

xy
max in -plane
x y
xy
2
2
2
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
, avg
x y
Example 10.3
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a state of plane strain
defined by x 350 10 6 , y 200 10 6 , xy 80 10 6 which tends to distort the
element. Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point and the
associated orientation of the element.
Solution:
Looking at the orientation of the element,
x y
tan 2 s
350 200
80
xy
s 40.9 and 131
For maximum in-plane shear strain,

2
max in plane
x y

xy

2
2
max in plane 556 10 6

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
(Ans)
5
Mohrs CirclePlane Strain

We can also solve problems involving the
transformation of strain using Mohrs circle.

x' y '
2
x' avg
2
R2
where
avg
x y
and R
2
x y

xy
2
It has a center on the axis at point C(avg, 0) and a
radius R.
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
Example 10.5
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the components
x 25010 6 , y 15010 6 , xy 12010 6
Determine the maximum in-plane shear strains and the orientation of an element.
Solution:
From the coordinates of point E, we have
x ' y ' max in plane
x ' y ' max in plane
avg
208.8 10 6

5010
418 10 6
6
To orient the element,

we can determine the clockwise angle, 2 s 90 2 8.35
1
s1 36.7 (Ans)
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
Absolute Maximum Shear Strain

Absolute maximum shear strain is found from the
circle having the largest radius.

It occurs on the element oriented 45 about the axis
from the element shown in its original position.
abs max max min
avg
max min

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
Absolute Maximum Shear Strain

Plane Strain
For plane strain we have,
abs max x ' z ' max max
abs max x ' y ' max max min
This value represents the absolute maximum shear
strain for the material.

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
Example 10.7
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the strain components,
x 40010 6 , y 20010 6 , xy 15010 6
Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain and the absolute maximum shear
strain.
Solution:
From the strain components, the centre of the circle is on the
axis at
400 200 6
avg
10 100 10 6
2
Since
xy
7510 6 , the reference point has coordinates A 40010 6 ,7510 6
2
Thus the radius of the circle is

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
10 30910
400 100 2 752
10
Solution:
Computing the in-plane principal strains, we have
max 100 309 10 6 20910 6
min 100 309 10 6 40910 6

From the circle, the maximum in-plane shear strain is
max in plane max min 209 409 10 6 61810 6 (Ans)
6
6
From the above results, we have max 209 10 , int 0 , min 409 10
Thus the Mohrs circle is as follows,

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
11
Strain Rosettes
Normal strain in a tension-test specimen can be
measured using an electrical-resistance strain

gauge.
The strain-transformation equation for each gauge is
as follow:
a x cos 2 a y sin 2 a xy sin a cos a
b x cos 2 b y sin 2 b xy sin b cos b
c x cos 2 c y sin 2 c xy sin c cos c

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
12
Example 10.8
The state of strain at point A on the bracket is measure using the strain rosette as
shown. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauge give a = 60(10-6), b =
135(10-6) and c = 264(10-6). Determine the in-plane principal strains at the point and
the directions in which they act.
Solution:
Measuring the angles counter-clockwise,
a 0, b 60 and c 120
By substituting the values into the 3 strain-transformation equations, we have
x 6010 6 , y 24610 6 , z 14910 6
Using Mohrs circle, we have A(60(10-6), 60(10-6)) and center C (153(10-6), 0).
R
10 119.110
33.910 , 19.3
153 60 2 74.52
1 27210 6 , 1

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
p2
(Ans)
13
Material-Property Relationships
Generalized Hookes Law
For a triaxial state of stress, the general form for
Hookes law is as follow:
x
1
1
1
x v y z , y y v x z , z z v x y
E
E
E
They are valid only for a linearelastic materials.

Hookes law for shear stress and shear strain is
written as
xy
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
1
xy
G
yz
1
yz
G
xz
1
xz
G
14
Material-Property Relationships
Relationship Involving E, v, and G
G
E
21 v
Dilatation and Bulk Modulus

Dilatation, or volumetric strain, is caused only by
normal strain, not shear strain.

Bulk modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a
volume of material. k E
31 2v
Plastic yielding occurs at v = 0.5.
Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
15
Example 10.10
The copper bar is subjected to a uniform loading along its edges. If it has a = 300
mm, b = 500 mm, and t = 20 mm before load is applied, find its new length, width,
and thickness after application of the load. Take Ecu 120 GPa , vcu 0.34
Solution:
From the loading we have x 800 MPa , y 500 MPa , x 80 , z 0
The associated normal strains are determined from the generalized Hookes law,
x
y v
x v
v
y z 0.00808 , y
x z 0.00643 , z z x y 0.000850
E E
E E
E E
The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
a ' 300 0.00808 300 302.4 mm (Ans)

b' 50 0.00643 50 49.68 mm (Ans)
t ' 20 0.000850 20 19.98 mm (Ans)
16
Theories of Failure
Failure for ductile material is by yielding, while brittle
material is by fracture.
Ductile Materials
For yielding of a ductile material, it occurs along the
contact planes.
Maximum-shear-stress theory or Tresca yield
criterion is used to predict the failure stress of a
ductile material subjected to any type of loading.

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
17
Theories of Failure
Ductile Materials
With reference from plane stress, the maximumshear-stress theory for plane stress can be
expressed for any two in-plane principal stresses.
1 Y
2 Y
1 , 2 have same signs
1 2 Y

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
1 , 2 have opposite signs
18
Theories of Failure
Ductile Materials
The energy per unit volume of material is called the
strain-energy density.
Yielding in a ductile material occurs when the
distortion energy per unit volume of the material
equals or exceeds the distortion energy per unit
volume.
It is called the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
12 1 2 22 Y2

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
19
Theories of Failure
Brittle Materials
Maximum-normal stress theory states that a brittle
material will fail when maximum principal stress is
equal to the ultimate normal stress.
1 ult
2 ult

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
20
Example 10.14
The solid shaft has a radius of 0.5 cm and is made of steel having a yield stress of
= 360 MPa. Determine if the loadings cause the shaft to fail according to the
maximum-shear-stress theory and the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Solution:
Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque,
we have
P
15
x
19.10 kN/cm 2 195 MPa
A 0.5
Tc 3.25 0.5
16.55 kN/cm 2 165.5 MPa
J
0.5 4
2
Principal stresses can also be obtained using the stress-transformation equations,
xy

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
x y
x y
xy 2
1, 2

2
2
1 95.6 MPa and 2 286.6 MPa

21
Solution:
Since the principal stresses have opposite signs, the absolute maximum shear
stress will occur in the plane,
1 2 Y
95.6 286.6 360

382.2 360
Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.
Using maximum-distortion-energy theory,
95.6
2
1
1 2 22 Y2
95.6 286.6 286.6 360 2

118677 .9 129600
2
Using this theory, failure will not occur.

Dr. Wan Mohd Sabki
22

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EAT 115/4

represented by 3 normal strains x y z and 3

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

y ' x y x y cos 2 xy sin 2

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain

For maximum in-plane shear strain,

max in plane 556 10 6

Mohrs CirclePlane Strain

transformation of strain using Mohrs circle.

It has a center on the axis at point C(avg, 0) and a

x 25010 6 , y 15010 6 , xy 12010 6

x ' y ' max in plane

x ' y ' max in plane

To orient the element,

Absolute Maximum Shear Strain

circle having the largest radius.

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

Absolute Maximum Shear Strain

abs max x ' z ' max max

abs max x ' y ' max max min

This value represents the absolute maximum shear

strain for the material.

x 40010 6 , y 20010 6 , xy 15010 6

Thus the radius of the circle is

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

400 100 2 752

max 100 309 10 6 20910 6

min 100 309 10 6 40910 6

max in plane max min 209 409 10 6 61810 6 (Ans)

Thus the Mohrs circle is as follows,

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

measured using an electrical-resistance strain

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

x 6010 6 , y 24610 6 , z 14910 6

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

They are valid only for a linearelastic materials.

Dilatation and Bulk Modulus

normal strain, not shear strain.

The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

a ' 300 0.00808 300 302.4 mm (Ans)

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

1 , 2 have same signs

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

1 , 2 have opposite signs

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

16.55 kN/cm 2 165.5 MPa

Lecture 1: Combined Loadings

1 95.6 MPa and 2 286.6 MPa

95.6 286.6 360

95.6 286.6 286.6 360 2

Using this theory, failure will not occur.

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