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    2015 Micro Review I

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    Travis CreveCoeur
    The document provides an overview of a microbiology course, including announcements, review schedules, and sample quiz questions. Key information includes three quizzes and a final exam making up the grading, a framework exercise due February 13th, and a final exam review scheduled for March 21st. Sample quiz questions cover topics like gram staining, definitions of medical terms, and examples of pathogenic bacteria. The document outlines the course's focus on important microbes, host-pathogen interactions, antibiotics, and medical virology, fungi, and parasitology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2015 Micro Review I

    Uploaded by

    Travis CreveCoeur
    36 views35 pages
    The document provides an overview of a microbiology course, including announcements, review schedules, and sample quiz questions. Key information includes three quizzes and a final exam making up the grading, a framework exercise due February 13th, and a final exam review scheduled for March 21st. Sample quiz questions cover topics like gram staining, definitions of medical terms, and examples of pathogenic bacteria. The document outlines the course's focus on important microbes, host-pathogen interactions, antibiotics, and medical virology, fungi, and parasitology.

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    microbes review

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    The document provides an overview of a microbiology course, including announcements, review schedules, and sample quiz questions. Key information includes three quizzes and a final exam making up the grading, a framework exercise due February 13th, and a final exam review scheduled for March 21st. Sample quiz questions cover topics like gram staining, definitions of medical terms, and examples of pathogenic bacteria. The document outlines the course's focus on important microbes, host-pathogen interactions, antibiotics, and medical virology, fungi, and parasitology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views35 pages

    2015 Micro Review I

    Uploaded by

    Travis CreveCoeur
    The document provides an overview of a microbiology course, including announcements, review schedules, and sample quiz questions. Key information includes three quizzes and a final exam making up the grading, a framework exercise due February 13th, and a final exam review scheduled for March 21st. Sample quiz questions cover topics like gram staining, definitions of medical terms, and examples of pathogenic bacteria. The document outlines the course's focus on important microbes, host-pathogen interactions, antibiotics, and medical virology, fungi, and parasitology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    Microbes & Pathogenesis - Review I

    Britt Andersen

    2015-01-22
    [email protected]

    Announcements
    Microbe cards or Microbe card app (iTunes). You will need these for the
    quizzes!
    Three quizzes (15%) + one final exam (75%)

    Bacteria
    2/11 (W)
    Viruses 2/27 (F)
    Fungi/Parasites 3/18 (W)
    Final exam 3/23 (M)

    Framework exercise (10%)

    2/13 (F)

    Do the self-assessment!!! Very high yield for the final exam


    These will not be collected or graded

    Reviews
    Format of sessions
    Review questions
    Important concepts and terms
    Student questions
    Schedule
    Review
    Review
    Review
    Review
    Review
    Review
    Review

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7

    (1/22): Intro lectures, structural bacteriology, host-pathogen interactions 1


    (1/30): Host-pathogen interactions 2, E. coli, TB, NTDs
    (2/20): Antibiotics, Resistance,
    (2/23): Virus taxonomy, HIV, Intro to medical virology
    (2/26): Viral infections, parasitology
    (3/6): Bioterrorism, fungal diversity, pathogen discovery
    (3/13): Malaria, infection control, Streptococci

    Final exam review- Saturday March 21st (1-3pm). Is this a good time?

    Quiz I: What you should know


    See list of Important Microbes on p11 of course pack
    Microbes marked by asterisks will NOT be tested!
    Gram positive or negative?
    Disease(s) caused, defining characteristics
    All the info will be on the cards
    10 minutes, 30 questions, 1 bonus

    Question #1
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.

    Gram negative rods


    Fungi
    Gram positive cocci
    Gram positive baccili

    Bonus: what pathogen could


    this be??

    Question #1
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.

    Gram negative rods


    Fungi
    Gram positive cocci
    Gram positive baccili

    Gram positive will be purple


    and cocci will be round
    This could for example be
    staph or strep

    Question #2
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.

    Gram negative rods


    Fungi
    Gram positive cocci
    Gram positive baccili

    Bonus: What pathogen?

    Question #2
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.

    Gram negative rods


    Fungi
    Gram positive cocci
    Gram positive baccili

    Gram negative will be pink,


    and rods/bacilli will be
    elongated
    This could for example be E.
    coli or salmonella

    Question #3
    What is the difference between bacteremia and
    septicemia?

    Question #3
    What is the difference between bacteremia and
    septicemia?
    Bacteremia: bacteria present in the blood
    Septicemia: bacteria multiplying in the blood

    Question #4
    If a bacterium senses a nutrient and moves towards it- is
    the flagella rotating clockwise or counterclockwise?
    What is this mechanism called?

    Question #4
    If a bacterium senses a stimulus and moves towards it- is
    the flagella rotating clockwise or counterclockwise?
    What is this mechanism called? Chemotaxis

    Question #5
    Which of the following pathogens contains the endotoxin
    LPS
    A. Streptococcus pyogenes
    B. Round worm
    C. Staphylococcus aureus
    D. Haemophilus influenzae
    Why?

    Question #5
    Which of the following pathogens contains the endotoxin
    LPS
    A. Streptococcus pyogenes
    B. Round worm
    C. Staphylococcus aureus
    D. Haemophilus influenzae
    Why? It is the only gram negative bacteria

    LecturesImportant Terms & Concepts

    CaparonIntroduction to Medical Microbiology

    Pathogens

    Helminths
    Protozoa
    Fungi
    Bacteria
    Virus
    Prion

    Bacteria
    Shape
    Metabolism; aerobe, anerobe, faculative anerobe
    Gram pos or neg

    CaparonIntroduction to Microbial Pathogenesis

    An organism with which a microorganism is associated


    Microorganismsassociatedwithahealthhost
    Amicroorganismcapableofcausinganinfectiousdisease
    Cancausediseaseinadamagedhost,rarelyinahealthyhost
    AnagentofinfectiousdiseaseacquiredviaaMedicalenvironment
    Microorganismsgrowingonthehost.Sameasinfection.
    Microorganismsgrowingonthehost.Sameascolonization.
    .
    Quantitativetermdescribingtheabilityofamicroorganismtocausedisease
    Theprocessbywhichamicroorganismcausesadisease
    Actionsofthemicroorganismandthereactionofthehost
    INTERACTtodamagethehost

    Kochs Postulates
    Evidence required to establish a causal relationship between pathogen and disease
    1. Microorganism must be found in all diseased animalsbut not in healthy ones
    2. Microorganism must be isolated from diseased animal and grown in pure culture
    3. Microorganism grown in pure culture must reproduce the disease when re-inoculated
    into susceptible animals
    4. Microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals
    . Limitations of Kochs postulates:
    1. Healthy individuals may harbor the microorganism
    2. Not all microorganisms can be grown in pure culture (e.g. viruses)
    3. Animal model of disease may not be available

    Important Terminology
    Pathogen v. normal flora
    Opportunist
    Nosocomial
    Facultative v. obligate
    Infection/colonization
    Virulence

    Measuring Virulence
    Virulence: ability of a pathogen to cause disease
    Can be quantified by ID50 and LD50
    Amount of pathogen required to:
    ID50 (infective dose) Cause infection in 50% of a sample population
    LD50 (lethal dose)
    Cause death in 50% of a sample population

    Virulence Factors
    Molecules produced by pathogens that enable them to cause disease
    Colonize niche environments (tropism)
    Evade/suppress host immune system
    Uptake nutrients or expel harmful substances
    Capsule: inhibits phagocytosis
    Biofilm: immune evasion, antibiotic resistance
    Pili/fimbriae: cellular attachment, bacterial conjugation
    Toxins: endotoxin (LPS), exotoxins
    Secretion systems
    MDR1

    Falkows Molecular addition to Kochs Postulates


    Evidence required to show that a gene found in a pathogen encodes a
    virulence factor, i.e. contributes to the pathogens ability to cause a disease
    1. The gene should be found in all pathogenic strains of the microorganism
    2. Inactivation of the gene should lead to reduced virulence
    3. Restoring expression of the gene should reestablish virulence

    Conceptual Framework of Pathogenesis


    1. Encounter reservoir/vector, transmission, tropism
    2. Entry from where does the pathogen gain access to its host?
    3. Spread local/systemic
    4. Multiplication immune evasion
    5. Damage toxins, disease/sequelae
    6. Outcome elimination, commensalism, latency, persistence

    HultgrenStructural Bacteriology

    Bacterial Classification- Gram positive and


    negative
    Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane
    Also based on cell wall composition
    Gram+

    Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

    Gram- Thin peptidoglycan cell wall


    Acid-fast Cell wall composed of mycolic acid
    Mycobacterium
    Nocardia
    Chlamydia

    Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan

    Mycoplasma No cell wall

    Gram Staining

    Gram + stain PURPLE

    Gram - stain RED

    Gram Staining
    The gram staining method is
    named after the Danish
    bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram

    Gram+

    Gram-

    Cabeen & Jacobs-Wagner (2005)

    Bacterial Structures
    1. Pili/fimbriae
    (conjugation)

    Tropism, biofilm, motility (type 4), plasmid exchange

    2. Flagella

    Locomotion/chemotaxis

    3. Capsule

    Composed of polysaccharides, inhibits phagocytosis

    4. Cell wall

    Composed of crosslinked peptidoglycan (murein)

    5. Periplasm
    Gram-

    Space between cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, only in

    6. Porins

    Nutrient uptake

    7. Cell membrane

    Pili on E. coli

    Bacterial Structures

    Bacterial Structures- flagella

    Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    Consists of polysaccharide + lipid
    Found on outer membrane of Gram- bacteria
    Lipid A (endotoxin): recognized by toll-like receptors
    (TLR-4) on immune cells pro-inflammatory cytokine
    release septic shock
    Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) found in cell wall of Gram+
    bacteria

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