Freeze Drying
Freeze Drying
Freeze Drying
FREEZE DRYING
PREPARED BY :KARAN SHITOLE
2015-16
INTRODUCTION
Freeze drying is a relatively recent method of preserving food. It involves
freezing the food, then removing almost all the moisture in a vacuum chamber,
and finally sealing the food in an airtight container.
Freeze dried foods can be easily transported at normal temperatures, stored for a
long period of time, and consumed with a minimum of preparation. Once
prepared, freeze-dried foods have much the same look and taste as the original,
natural products.
The freeze-drying process was developed during World War II as a method of
preserving
blood
plasma
for
battlefield
emergencies
without
requiring refrigeration or damaging the organic nature of the plasma.
Because as much as 98% of the water content has been removed, the food is
extremely lightweight this significantly reduces the cost of shipping. Also as amount
of water is very less, it reduces the risk of contamination and growth of any bacteria
or yeast which require water as a medium.
This also makes it popular with boaters, hikers, astronauts etc.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/freeze-drying.htm
THE PROCESS
The fundamental principle in freeze-drying is sublimation, the shift from a solid
directly into a gas.
Water freezes at 0 o C and boils at 100 o C at atmospheric pressure (1 atm) . But if
we increase the temperature above 0 o C while keeping the atmospheric pressure
below .06 atm , the water is warm enough to thaw, but there isn't enough pressure for
a liquid to form. It becomes a gas.
This is exactly what a freeze drying machine does.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/freeze-drying.htm
The material to be dried is kept on the shelves of the chamber , it is sealed and the
compressor begins to run to lower the temperature. The water present freezes on the
molecular level.
Vacuum pump is started in order to decrease the pressure so the frozen water is
directly converted to water vapor. Also small amount of heat is added to control the
process. This vapor is carried to the condenser and separated.
WANG Wei, CHEN Mo and CHEN Guohua .Issues in Freeze Drying of Aqueous Solutions. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 20(3) 551559
(2012).
TYPES OF FREEZING
The first one is when it forms an Eutectic mixture where the substance freezes at a
temperature less than that of water. Correspondingly we have Eutectic Temp (TC)
The second when is when it forms a glassy substance, very viscous before freezing .This is
called Glass Transition Temp (TG). It is not recommended.
All liquid material undergo either one of the above two freezing.
Batch Drying :- In batch drying, large numbers of similar sized vessels containing like
products are placed together in a tray dryer.
Bulk Drying :- The product is poured into a bulk pan and dried as a single unit.
Sandip Khairnar, Rajesh Kini2, Mallinath Harwalkar, Dr. Kishor salunkhe1, Dr.S.R.Chaudhari. IJRPS 2013, 4(1), 76 94. International Journal of Pharmacy and Science
Examples
Buffer
Bulking Agents
Stabilizer
Tonicity Adjusters
CASE STUDY :-
Comparison of drying process for apple peels:
Two batches of peels (10 kg per batch) were collected. Immediately after mechanical
peeling, the peel fractions (pieces around 5 5 mm, with some attached pulp) were packed
into polyethylene bags, frozen, transported to the laboratory, and stored in a freezer until
used. The sample corresponds to a pool of apples randomly chosen from different
commercial plantations from the same geographical zone.
M. Henrquez, S. Almonacid, M. Lutz, R. Simpson & M. Valdenegro. CYTA-Journal of food. 11:2, 127-13.5 Comparison of drying process for apple peels.
Moisture content of F and S were 874.4 and 909.0 g/kg sample (wet basis),
respectively. The moisture content was similar in all the apple peel products,
independently of the drying system used , and ranged from 26.9 to 34.0 g/kg
(prepared with F) and from 28.8 to 30.3 g/kg (prepared with S).
The aW (activity of water) is a major determinant of the product stability, since
water acts as a solvent to support enzymatic and chemical reactions that influence
antioxidant stability, color, flavor, and nutritional value. It is used to predict the
stability and safety of foods with respect to microbial growth, rates of
deteriorative reactions, and chemical/physical properties.
M. Henrquez, S. Almonacid, M. Lutz, R. Simpson & M. Valdenegro. CYTA-Journal of food. 11:2, 127-13.5 Comparison of drying process for apple peels.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES