APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

TO
HUMAN WELFARE

Presented By:
P.Deepthi Priyanka
The term biotechnology is defined as the development &
utilization of biological processes, forms & systems for
obtaining maximum benefits to man & other forms of life.
The term biotechnology was coined by Karl Ereky in 1917.
BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Prevention ,
Pollution
diagnosis &
control
cure of
disease

Production Application DNA

of profiling /
commercial
of finger
products biotechnology printing

To save
Transgenic plants &
animals animals from
production extinction
Plant tissue
culture
PRODUCTION OF CLONED GENES , HORMONES ,
VACCINES AND OTHER CHEMICALS :

General procedure of production using RDNA technology :

MRNA/ DNA

Restriction Enzymes

CDNA/DNA Cloning vector

fragments (plasmid, cosmid)

ligation
Recombinant
DNA

Desired Products

E.g.: vaccines, interferon , antibiotics , vitamines, super bugs , mono clonal anti bodies.
PRODUCTION USING RDNA TECHNOLOGY


Hormones
Antibiotics Interferon's

Alcohol PRODUCTION Enzymes

Organic acid vaccines

Vitamins

Pharmaceutical extraction of there products cannot meet annual demands so cloning

methods are followed.
1000 to 1,00,000 molecules of the product can be produced from 1 cell of ecoli by
RDNA technology.
 Hormones:
 Hormone is a chemical messenger that transports signals from one cell to another.
 Hormones are required in deficiency disease or inherited disease
 E.g: Insulin - metabolises glucose in blood.
RDNA product insulin- Is a boon for diabetic patients.
Somatotropin - Growth hormone
Its deficiency causes turner’s syndrome in girls , which is Characterized by short stature
and nonfunctioning ovaries .
Stunted growth
 Interferons :
Interferons are secreted by human cells to resist the immediate
invasion by virus and multiplication of abnormal cells.
They are used in cancer treatment .
Interferon’s produced by this RDNA method are well tolerated and stable
for 2years.
 VACCINES
vaccines are chemical substances prepared from the antigens of
other animals which evokes immunity in human or animal for a
particular disease .
vaccines for -Hepatitis B
-Rabies
-Polio virus
-Small pox
-Malarial vaccines are also developed.
•VITAMINS
• VITAMIN SOURCE
Riboflavin -Ashbya gossypii
B 12 -Bacillus coagulans
-Bacillus megaterium
-streptomycess olivacious
precursor of vitA -Blakeslea trispora

ORGANIC ACIDS
Eg: Citric acid -Aspergillus niger
Lactic acid -Lactobacillus bacteria
USES:
Food industry- jams, jellies ,fruit juices, candies, confectionaries, wines
Pharmacy- blood transfusions, effervescent products
Cosmetics- astringent lotions, shampoos, hair setting fluids
Industries-lather tanning, cleaning of pipes
ALCOHOLS
Produced by yeast or bacterial fermentation
USES-
Solvent, extractant , anti freeze
Industry- N-butanol is used in manufacture of plasticizer, break fluids
Liquid fuel -gasohol
Pharmacy–glycerol
Ethanol- alcoholic beverage
Extraction-soxhlet apparatus

FUEL
ANTIBIOTICS:
These are the complex chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms and
act against other micro-organisms

ORGANISM ANTIBIOTIC APPLICATIONS

Penicillium notatum Penicillin(G) -fever, pneumonia,
genital infections

Cephalosporium acremonium Cephalosporins -UTI, pneumonia,

meningitis

Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin -TB

Streptomyces aureofaciens Tertracyclins -cholera, tetanus, UTI

Bacillus subtilis Bacitracin -dermatitis, infections,

dysentry
 ENZYMES
•Enzymes produced by micro-organisms:
Extraction
Fermentation
Immobilisation
RDNA technology

•APPLICATIONS:
•Used in the treatment of genetic disorders
•Used in synthesis of proteins & peptides, aminoacids.
•Used in manufacture of drugs.
•Clinical analysis
•Medical diagnosis – in ELISA, Enzyme thermistors

ELISA technique
 Cryopreservation Clonal propagation
Overcoming of germ plasm (fast & large scale
multiplication
self sterility

Breaking dormancy
Edible
vaccine , Plant tissue Primary & secondary
antibodies culture metabolites

Early
genetic variability
flowering
(nifgene
Synthetic Disease
Somatic transfer)
seeds free
hybrids plants
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS:
Some of the transgenic animals produced are
cow, pig, rabbit, goat, sheep , fish
Purpose :
 To increase Nutrition value : more milk
production from cows , more proteins in milk
and meat .
To produce disease resistant animals
 Greater yields of by-products like leather,
wool
 To produce good quality fishes with more fat
and protein content.
 More nutrient food is made available for the
people suffering from malnutrition.
 PREVENTION , DIAGNOSIS , AND CURE OF
DISEASES:
 Prevention -
1. vaccines
2. immunogenic proteins
 Diagnoses -
1. By DNA probe
2. Monoclonal Antibodies
3. Antenatal Diagnosis
 Cure - Gene therapy
DNA Probes:
This is used for diagnosis of pathogens containing most specific DNA
sequence of genetic material of the parasite (like virus, bacteria or protozoa).
DNA sequence is recognised(which should not relate to other strains)
↓
recognised DNA is cut (using restriction endonucleases enzyme)
↓
it is inserted into cloning vector (plasmid)
↓
bacterial vector transformed , mutiplied
↓
DNA sequence of parasite isolated is labelled with radio-isotope &
↓
used as PROBE
Thus disease is diagonised +ve if dark bands appear on X-ray film

Eg. Tuberculosis
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
USES:
oDRUGS- for AIDS, cancer, infections
oDIAGNOSIS- Cancer-colorectal cancer
-lung cancer
-breast cancer
-Pregnancy
-Allergies
-Hormonal disease
-viral disease
oDiagnostic Agents- used in ELISA & RIA.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS
2500 genetic defects known to occur in human. eg- haemophilia
If a pregnant woman bears a child with a genetic defect, she is often advised
to abort it, thus the technique of diagnosis & giving suggestions for abortion of
a genetically defected child is known as antenatal diagnosis
The genetically determined defects of function or synthesis of haemoglobin is
known as haemoglobinopathy.
Mother edema

haemoglobinopathies

Foetal pedal edema

GENE THERAPY
Delivering genes into humans to correct diseases has been accepted as
scientifically viable is called gene therapy
Eg: Insulin, Inteferon, Somatotropin, Somatostatin, Human blood clotting factors,
Immunogenic proteins, Antibodies, Vaccines etc.
DNA FINGER PRINTING OR DNA PROFILING
DNA master molecule of all life forms.
Neucleotides forms codes, so this genetic coded information can be profiled to
produce authentic Identity cards for any organism. So, this complicated
technique of identifying individuals at genetic level is known as DNA Finger
printing.
Basics requirements –availability of blood stains, hair with root, drops of
semen, skin cells, mouth swab, bone marrow, cell of any body tissue.
 Solving disputed
problems of
parentage Immigration
dispute

Identification
of criminals,
Forensic
and rapists, DNA profilling science
totally burnt
body

Setting of
genetic data Reuniting lost
banks children
TO SAVE PLANTS & ANIMALS FROM EXTINCTION
By Cryopreservation:
 Animal and plant species can be saved from extinction by preserving their cell
lines.
Preservation of germ plasms is done at -79°c over solid carbondioxide or in
liquid nitrogen at -196°C .
liquid nitrogen is more prefered for longer storage.
 TO SUBSIDE POLLUTION:
BY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS
 Is possible through genetically engineered micro organism.
 For detoxification and degradation of chemicals , enzymes are encoded by specific genes
present on their plasmid
 Plasmids introduced organisms utilize no. of organic acids and toxic chemicals like
toulene , chloro benzenes, halogenated pesticides and ethylenes etc and render them
harmless.
 A new product SUPER BUG( oil eating bug) was produced by genetic enginnering by
introducing plasmids from different strains into a single cell of Pseudomonas putida. This
can degrate many substrates like tolenes, xylenes, octane, camphor, napthalene etc.