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    Consciousness

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    a4agarwal
    Consciousness monitors and regulates our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. It is the subjective awareness of our mental events. Functions of consciousness include monitoring the self and environment, regulating thought and behavior, and selectively diverting attention away from upsetting information. States of consciousness can be qualitatively different and include sleeping, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, and altered states induced by drugs and alcohol.

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    Consciousness

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    a4agarwal
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    Consciousness monitors and regulates our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. It is the subjective awareness of our mental events. Functions of consciousness include monitoring the self and environment, regulating thought and behavior, and selectively diverting attention away from upsetting information. States of consciousness can be qualitatively different and include sleeping, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, and altered states induced by drugs and alcohol.

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    Consciousness monitors and regulates our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. It is the subjective awareness of our mental events. Functions of consciousness include monitoring the self and environment, regulating thought and behavior, and selectively diverting attention away from upsetting information. States of consciousness can be qualitatively different and include sleeping, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, and altered states induced by drugs and alcohol.

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    23 views22 pages

    Consciousness

    Uploaded by

    a4agarwal
    Consciousness monitors and regulates our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. It is the subjective awareness of our mental events. Functions of consciousness include monitoring the self and environment, regulating thought and behavior, and selectively diverting attention away from upsetting information. States of consciousness can be qualitatively different and include sleeping, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, and altered states induced by drugs and alcohol.

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    of 22

    CONSCIOUSNESS

    Functions of Consciousness
    • Consciousness monitors
    – self
    – environment

    • Consciousness regulates
    – thought
    – behavior
    Consciousness
    • The subjective awareness of mental events.
    – Thoughts
    – Feelings
    – Perceptions

    • States of consciousness
    – Qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience

    • Selective inattention
    – Selectively diverting our attention away from
    information that may upset us
    Psychodynamic Unconscious
    Freud’s model includes:
    • Conscious mental processes
    – Subjective awareness of stimuli, feelings, ideas (my
    voice)

    • Preconscious mental processes


    – Not presently conscious but could be quickly brought
    into consciousness (your first kiss with a non-relative)

    • Unconscious mental processes


    – Inaccessible to consciousness as they are too anxiety
    provoking (sexual abuse when you were a young child)
    Unconscious Motivation
    • Our ability to be driven by motives of which we
    are not consciously aware of

    • Cognitive Unconscious
    – Information-processing mechanisms that operate
    outside of our awareness

    • Procedural Knowledge
    – Shift gears on a manual transmission in your car

    • Implicit Memory
    – How to get on a bicycle
    Attention & Selection
    • Attention
    – Process of focusing consciousness awareness

    • Selection
    – Deciding where to focus
    • External stimuli
    • Internal motivation
    Divided Attention

    • Involves attempts to follow two sources of


    stimuli at the same time
    – Drive
    – Talk on cell phone
    Mindlessness
    • “Attention not paid precisely to those
    substantive elements that are relevant for
    the successful resolution of the situation”
    Ellen Langer

    • Three types
    – Categorical Thinking (Stereotyping)
    – Act from a single perspective (Rigid adherence)
    – Automatic behaviors or habits
    Location of Consciousness

    • Consciousness involves a network of


    neurons distributed through out the brain

    • Damage to hindbrain structures, especially


    the RAS, can lead to total loss of
    consciousness
    Sleeping and Dreaming
    • Sleep involves a lack of conscious
    awareness

    • We differ on the amount of sleep we need


    – Average range is 6-8 hours per night

    • Circadian Rhythms
    – Biological cycle of sleep and waking
    – Controlled by the hypothalamus
    Sleep Deprivation & Disorders
    • Sleep deprivation is considered a form of torture

    • Negative impact on immune system

    • Inability to stay alert

    • Sleep Diseases include:


    – Narcolepsy-Sleep attacks during conscious states

    – Sleep Apnea-Brief periods of not breathing

    – Night Terrors- Wake up with intense fear


    Insomnia
    • Insomnia involves the inability to sleep

    • Impacts all of us at some point

    • How to control for insomnia


    – Avoid sleeping too much, especially during the day
    – Do not try to force sleep
    – Avoid bright lights or ticking clocks near bed
    – Avoid physical exercise late at night
    – Avoid caffeine & alcohol before going to bed
    – Don’t eat a large meal before going to bed
    Stages of Sleep

    • Regular and predictable stages of sleep involving


    brain waves measured with EEG monitors

    • Two types of brain waves

    – Beta Waves=High frequency & low amplitude

    – Alpha Waves= Low frequency & higher amplitude


    Stages of Sleep
    • Stage I
    – Brief (few minutes)
    – Beta waves decrease and alpha waves emerge

    • Stage II
    – Sleep spindles and K-complexes show up
    – Sleep deepens and alpha waves disappear

    • Stage III
    – Large slow rhythmic delta waves show up

    • Stage 4
    – When more than 50% of brain activity is delta waves
    REM Sleep
    • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep also called
    paradoxical stage of sleep

    • Occurs when one re-ascends to Stage I sleep

    • EEG resembles awake state and the eyes dart


    round in a rapid manner for several minutes

    • Dreaming takes place in REM sleep


    REM and non-REM Sleep
    • The sleep cycle repeats over the course of a
    sleep cycle

    • Stage I when dreaming = REM sleep

    • Stages II, III, IV= Non REM sleep


    Dreaming
    • Psychodynamic View
    – Based on unconscious motives

    – Manifest Content
    • What the person is actually dreaming
    – Falling off a mountain

    – Latent Content
    • The meaning behind the manifest images
    – Fear of failing an important examination
    Dreaming
    • Cognitive View
    – Cognitive constructions that reflect concerns
    we experience while awake
    – A form of thought

    • Biological View
    – Biological phenomena with no meaning at all
    – Random discharges of neurons
    Altered States of Consciousness
    • Meditation
    – Deep state of tranquility
    – Alter normal flow of conscious thought
    – Focus on a mantra and block out other thoughts

    • Hypnosis
    – Deep relaxation and suggestibility
    – We differ widely on hypnotic susceptibility
    – You won’t do something under hypnosis that you
    would not do in a normal conscious state
    • Chicken Dance
    • Hit someone
    Drugs, Alcohol &
    Consciousness
    • Psychoactive Drugs
    – Drugs that operate on the nervous system
    – Cocaine, Ecstasy & LSD

    • Alcohol
    – Depressant
    – Barbiturates
    – Calming effect
    Stimulants
    • Stimulants
    – Energize
    – Increase heart rate and blood pressure

    • Nicotine & Caffeine are common stimulants

    • Cocaine & Amphetamines


    – Hyper rush
    – Very addictive
    Stimulants
    • Hallucinogens
    – Alter interpretation of sensory information
    – Produce bizarre perceptions
    – Can do serious, and irreversible, damage to brain cells

    • Marijuana
    – Manipulates dopamine reward circuits in the brain
    – Current product is much stronger than your parents
    marijuana as a result of decades of product
    enhancement

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