Introduction To Object-Oriented Programming

Chapter 1
Introduction to Object-Oriented
Programming
Chapter 1 Topics
Overview of Object-Oriented Programming

How is Java Code Converted into a Form
that a Computer Can use?
Interpreting Code vs Executing Code
Compilation, Interpretation, and Execution
Kinds of Instructions
Inside the Computer
Problem-Solving Techniques
2
What is Computer Programming?
It is the process of specifying the

data types and the operations for
a computer to apply to data in
order to solve a problem
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
. . .
3
Programming Life Cycle Phases

1
Problem-Solving
Implementation
Maintenance
Problem-Solving Phase
ANALYZE the problem and SPECIFY what

the solution must do
Develop a GENERAL SOLUTION

(ALGORITHM) to solve the problem
VERIFY that your solution really solves

the problem
Sample Problem
A programmer needs an algorithm to

determine an employees weekly
wages
How would the calculations be done

by hand?
6
One Employees Wages
During one week an employee works 52 hours at the

hourly pay rate $24.75
How much is the employees wages?
Assume a 40.0 hour normal work week
Assume an overtime pay rate factor of 1.5
40 x $ 24.75
= $
12 x 1.5 x $ 24.75 = ___________
$ 445.50
$ 1435.50
990.00
Weekly Wages, in General

If hours is over 40.0, then
wages = (40.0 * payRate) + (hours - 40.0) * 1.5 *payRate
RECALL EXAMPLE
( 40 x $ 24.75 ) + ( 12 x 1.5 x $ 24.75 ) = $1435.50
otherwise,
wages = hours * payRate
A class is . . .
a
description of the representation

of a specific kind of object, in
terms of data and behavior
Date class
data:
month, day, year

operations to set and return month,
day, year
9
An Object is . . .
an
instance of a class
a Date object
June
23
2004
10
An Algorithm is . . .
instructions
for solving a
problem in a finite amount of
time using a finite amount of
data
11
A Program is . . .
an
algorithm written for a

computer that defines classes of
objects and orchestrates their
interactions to solve a problem
objects work together to create
an application (or program) that
solves a problem
12
Employees Weekly Wages

Objects: Employee, pay rate, hours worked, wages
Algorithm:
1. Get the employees hourly pay rate
2. Get the hours worked this week
3. Calculate this weeks regular wages
4. Calculate this weeks overtime wages (if any)
5. Add the regular wages to overtime wages (if any) to
determine total wages for the week
13
A Programming Language is . . .
a language with strict grammatical

rules, symbols, and special words
used to construct a computer
program
14
Code is . . .
the product of translating an

algorithm into a programming
language
instructions for a computer that are

written in a programming language
15
Implementation Phase: Test
Testing means executing (running)

your program on the computer, to see
if it produces correct results
If it does not, check the algorithm

and/or code to find the error and fix it
Finding known errors is called

debugging
16
Maintenance Phase
Use and modify the program to meet

changing requirements or correct errors
that show up in using it
Maintenance begins when your program

is put into use and accounts for the
majority of effort on most programs
17
Programming Life Cycle

Problem-Solving
Analysis and Specification
General Solution ( Algorithm )
Verify
Implementation
Concrete Solution ( Code )
Test
Maintenance
Use
Maintain
18
Programming Shortcut?
PROBLEM-SOLVING PHASE
Problem
Algorithm
Shortcut?
Code
TEST
THINKING
IMPLEMENTATION
PHASE
CODE
19
Binary Representation of Data
Circuit states correspond to 0 and 1
Bit (short for binary digit) refers to a single 0

or 1
Bit patterns represent data
1 byte = 8 bits
1 KB
= 1024 bytes
1 MB
= 1024 x 1024 = 1,048,576 bytes
20
How Many Possible Digits?
Binary (Base 2) Numbers use 2 digits:

Just 0 and 1
Decimal (Base 10) Numbers use 10 digits:

0 through 9
21
Machine Language
Is not portable
Runs only on specific type of computer
Is made up of binary-coded instructions

(strings of 0s and 1s)
Is the language that can be directly used

by the computer
22
Assembly Languages
Are machine dependent and run on only one

specific type of computer
Are translated into machine code by
assemblers
Are made up of English-like abbreviations
such as LOAD, STORE, or ADD
23
High Level Languages
Are portable
Are translated into machine code by
compilers
Instructions are written in language similar
to natural language
Examples -- FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal,
C, C++
Many are standardized by ISO/ANSI to
provide an official description of the
language
24
Three C++ Program Stages

myprog.cpp
SOURCE
written
written in
in
C++
C++
via compiler
myprog.obj
OBJECT
myprog.exe
EXECUTABLE
written
writtenin
in
machine
machine
language
language
written
writtenin
in
machine
machine
language
language
via linker
other
othercode
code
from
fromlibraries,
libraries,
etc.
etc.
25
Java Portability
EXECUTABLES
Payroll.java
Payroll.class
SOURCE
BYTECODE
Windows
WindowsPC
PC
running
runningJVM
JVM
Java
Java
Program
Program
Java
Java
Bytecode
Bytecode
Unix
Unixbox
box
running
runningJVM
JVM
via compiler
via interpreter
JVM
Macintosh
Macintosh
running
runningJVM
JVM
26
Java programming language
Achieves portability by using both a compiler

and an interpreter
Java compiler translates a Java program into an

intermediate Bytecode--not machine language
An interpreter program called the Java Virtual

Machine (JVM) translates each successive
instruction in the Bytecode program to machine
language and immediately runs it
27
Basic Control Structures
A sequence is a series of statements that executes

one after another
Selection (branch) executes different statements
depending on certain conditions
Loop (repetition) repeats statements while certain
conditions are met
A subprogram breaks the program into smaller units
Asynchronous control handles events that originate
outside our program, such as button clicks.
28
SEQUENCE
Statement
Statement
...
Statement
29
SELECTION (branch)
IF Condition THEN Statement1 ELSE Statement2
True
Statement1
Statement
Condition
...
False Statement2
30
LOOP (repetition)
WHILE Condition DO Statement1
False
Condition
...
Tru
e
Statement
31
SUBPROGRAM (function)
SUBPROGRAM1
...
SUBPROGRAM1
a meaningful collection
of SEQUENCE,
SELECTION, LOOP,
SUBPROGRAM
32
ASYNCHRONOUS CONTROL
EVENTHANDLER
EVENT
a subprogram executed
when an event occurs
33
Object-Oriented Programming
A data type is the specification in a
programming language of how
information is represented as data and the
operations that can be preformed on the
data
An object is a collection of data values
and associated operations
A class is a description of one or more
like objects
34
More OOP Vocabulary

Instantiation is the process of
creating an object based on the
description provided by a class
A package is a collection of related
classes
35
An Object of class
OPERATIONS
Time
DATA
Set
Increment
Write
.
.
.
Private data:
hrs
mins
25
secs
42
Time
36
Basic Computer Components

Peripherals
Input Device
Central Processing Unit ( CPU )
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Output Device
Auxiliary
Storage
Device
Memory Unit ( RAM & Registers )
37
Memory Unit
Is an ordered sequence of storage cells,

each capable of holding a piece of data
Each memory cell has a distinct address
The information held can be input data,

computed values, or program
instructions
38
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Has two components to execute program

instructions - Arithmetic/Logic
Unit performs
arithmetic and logical operations
Control Unit controls the order in which
instructions in the program are
executed
39
Peripheral Devices
Are input, output, or auxiliary storage

devices attached to a computer
Input Devices include keyboard and
mouse
Output Devices include printers, video
display, LCD screens
Auxiliary Storage Devices include disk
drives, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives
40
Problem Solving Techniques
ASK QUESTIONS -- about the data, the process,

the output, error conditions
LOOK FOR FAMILIAR THINGS -- certain
situations arise again and again
SOLVE BY ANALOGY -- it may give you a place
to start
USE MEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS -- Determine
the I/O and then work out the details
41
More Problem Solving Techniques
DIVIDE AND CONQUER -- break up large

problems into manageable units
BUILDING-BLOCK APPPROACH -- can you
solve small pieces of the problem?
MERGE SOLUTIONS -- instead of joining
them end to end to avoid duplicate steps
OVERCOME MENTAL BLOCK -- by
rewriting the problem in your own words
42

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Chapter 1

Overview of Object-Oriented Programming

What is Computer Programming?

It is the process of specifying the

Programming Life Cycle Phases

ANALYZE the problem and SPECIFY what

Develop a GENERAL SOLUTION

VERIFY that your solution really solves

A programmer needs an algorithm to

How would the calculations be done

One Employees Wages

During one week an employee works 52 hours at the

Weekly Wages, in General

description of the representation

month, day, year

algorithm written for a

Employees Weekly Wages

a language with strict grammatical

the product of translating an

instructions for a computer that are

Implementation Phase: Test

Testing means executing (running)

If it does not, check the algorithm

Finding known errors is called

Use and modify the program to meet

Maintenance begins when your program

Programming Life Cycle

Binary Representation of Data

Circuit states correspond to 0 and 1

Bit (short for binary digit) refers to a single 0

= 1024 x 1024 = 1,048,576 bytes

How Many Possible Digits?

Binary (Base 2) Numbers use 2 digits:

Decimal (Base 10) Numbers use 10 digits:

Runs only on specific type of computer

Is made up of binary-coded instructions

Is the language that can be directly used

Are machine dependent and run on only one

High Level Languages

Three C++ Program Stages

Java programming language

Achieves portability by using both a compiler

Java compiler translates a Java program into an

An interpreter program called the Java Virtual

Basic Control Structures

A sequence is a series of statements that executes

More OOP Vocabulary

Basic Computer Components

Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

Memory Unit ( RAM & Registers )

Is an ordered sequence of storage cells,

Each memory cell has a distinct address

The information held can be input data,

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Has two components to execute program

Are input, output, or auxiliary storage

Problem Solving Techniques

ASK QUESTIONS -- about the data, the process,