Mobile Communications Chapter 7: Wireless Lans: Characteristics IEEE 802.11 PHY MAC Roaming

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs
S.K.RAGHU,GITAM
UNIVERSITY
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 7: WIRELESS LANS
1 Parte IEEE 802.11

HIPERLAN
Characteristics
IEEE 802.11
PHY
MAC
Roaming
Standards
PHY
MAC
Ad-hoc networks
Bluetooth
7.0.
1
Characteristics of wireless
LANs
Advantages
very flexible within the reception area

Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
(almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls)
more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire - or
users pulling a plug...
Disadvantages
typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks

(1-10 Mbit/s)
many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates,
standards take their time (e.g. IEEE 802.11)
products have to follow many national restrictions if working
wireless, it takes a vary long time to establish global solutions
like, e.g., IMT-2000
S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY
7.1.
1
Design goals for wireless LANs

global, seamless operation
low power for battery use
no special permissions or licenses needed to use the
LAN
robust transmission technology
simplified spontaneous cooperation at meetings
easy to use for everyone, simple management
protection of investment in wired networks
security (no one should be able to read my data),
privacy (no one should be able to collect user
profiles), safety (low radiation)
transparency concerning applications and higher layer
protocols, but also location awareness if necessary

7.2.
1
Comparison: infrared vs. radio

transmission
Infrared
simple, cheap, available in many

mobile devices
no licenses needed
simple shielding possible
interference by sunlight, heat
sources etc.
many things shield or absorb IR
light
low bandwidth
Example
Radio
IrDA (Infrared Data Association)

interface available everywhere
experience from wireless WAN and

mobile phones can be used
coverage of larger areas possible
(radio can penetrate walls,
furniture etc.)
Disadvantages
typically using the license free ISM

band at 2.4 GHz
Advantages
Disadvantages
uses IR diodes, diffuse light,

multiple reflections (walls, furniture
etc.)
Advantages
very limited license free frequency

bands
shielding more difficult,
interference with other electrical
devices
Example
WaveLAN, HIPERLAN, Bluetooth

7.3.
1
Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc

networks
infrastructur
e
network
AP
AP
wired network
AP: Access Point
AP
ad-hoc
network

7.4.
1
802.11 - Architecture of an infrastructure

network
802.11 LAN
802.x LAN
Station (STA)
STA1
BSS1
Acce
ss
Porta
l
Point
Distribution
Acce
System
ss
ES
S
Basic Service Set (BSS)
BSS2
802.11 LAN
STA3
bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
STA2
station integrated into the wireless

LAN and the distribution system
Portal
group of stations using the same

radio frequency
Access Point
Point
terminal with access mechanisms to

the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
interconnection network to form one

logical network (EES: Extended
Service Set) based
on several BSS
S.K.RAGHU,GITAM
UNIVERSITY
7.5.
1
802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc

network
802.11 LAN
STA1
Direct communication within a limited

range
STA3
BSS1
STA2
Station (STA):
terminal with access mechanisms to
the wireless medium
Basic Service Set (BSS):

group of stations using the same
radio frequency
BSS2
STA5
STA4
802.11 LAN
S.K.RAGHU,GITAM
UNIVERSITY
7.6.
1
IEEE standard 802.11

mobile
terminal
fixed terminal
server
infrastructure network
access
point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.11 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
802.3 PHY

7.7.
1
802.11 - Layers and functions
MAC
access mechanisms,
fragmentation, encryption
MAC Management
PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
PMD Physical Medium Dependent
synchronization, roaming, MIB,

power management
MAC
MAC Management
PLCP
PHY Management
PMD
Station Management
DLC
PHY
LLC
modulation, coding
PHY Management
clear channel assessment signal

(carrier sense)
channel selection, MIB
Station Management

coordination of all management

functions
7.8.
1
802.11 - Physical layer
3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s

min. 2.5 frequency hops/s (USA), two-level GFSK modulation
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s
DBPSK modulation for 1 Mbit/s (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying), DQPSK for 2
Mbit/s (Differential Quadrature PSK)
preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with 1 Mbit/s, rest of transmission 1
or 2 Mbit/s
chipping sequence: +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1 (Barker code)
max. radiated power 1 W (USA), 100 mW (EU), min. 1mW
Infrared
850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range

carrier detection, energy detection, synchonization

7.9.
1
FHSS PHY packet format
Synchronization
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
PSF (PLCP Signaling Field)
0000110010111101 start pattern
PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word)
synch with 010101... pattern
data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
HEC (Header Error Check)
CRC with x16+x12+x5+1

80
synchronization
16
12
16
SFD
PLW
PSF
HEC
PLCP preamble
variabl
epayload
bits
PLCP header

7.10.
1
DSSS PHY packet format
Synchronization
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
Service
1111001110100000
Signal
synch., gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
Length
future use, 00: 802.11 compliant
length of the payload
HEC (Header Error Check)
protection of signal, service and length, x16+x12+x5+1

128
16
synchronization
SFD
PLCP preamble
8
signa
l
8
servi
ce
16
lengt
h
16
HEC
variabl
epayload
bits
PLCP header

7.11.1
802.11 - MAC layer I DFWMAC
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
Time-Bounded Service (optional)
exchange of data packets based on best-effort

support of broadcast and multicast
implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Access methods
DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism

minimum distance between consecutive packets
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
avoids hidden terminal problem
DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
access point polls terminals according to a list

7.12.
1
802.11 - MAC layer II
Priorities
defined through different inter frame spaces

no guaranteed, hard priorities
SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
PIFS (PCF IFS)
highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response

medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
DIFS
medium busy
DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
contention
next frame
t
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
7.13.
1
802.11 - CSMA/CA access method

I
DIFS
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
next frame
t
slot
time
station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier

Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment)
if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space
(IFS), the station can start sending (IFS depends on service
type)
if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS,
then the station must additionally wait a random back-off time
(collision avoidance, multiple of slot-time)
if another station occupies the medium during the back-off
time of the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness)
7.14.
1
802.11 - competing stations - simple

b
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS b
version
b
b
bo
o
o
station1
oe
station2
b
oe
oe
busy
busy
busy
station3
b
busy
oe
station4
b
oe
station5
busy
b
or
medium not idle (frame, ack etc.)

packet arrival at MAC
b
oe
busy
b
o
bor
b
o
bor
b
elapsed backoff time
oe
b
residual backoff time
or

7.15.
1
802.11 - CSMA/CA access method

II
Sending unicast packets
station has to wait for DIFS before sending data

receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for SIFS) if
the packet was received correctly (CRC)
automatic retransmission of data packets in case of
transmission errors
DIFS
sender
data
SIFS
receiver
other
stations
waiting time
A
C
K
DIFS
data
t
contention

7.16.
1
802.11 - DFWMAC
Sending unicast packets
sender
receiver
other
stations
station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS (reservation
determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
DIFS RT
S
data
SIFS CT SIFS
S
SIFS
A
C
K
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
defer access
data
t
contention

7.17.
1
Fragmentation
sender
receiver
DIFS RT
S
SIFS CT SIFS
S
frag
frag
SIFS AC SIFS
K1
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
other
stations
SIFS AC
K2
NAV (frag1)
NAV (ACK1)
DIFS
contention

7.18.
1
da
ta
t
DFWMAC-PCF I
t0 t1
medium busy PIFS
D1
point
SIFS
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
SuperFrame
SIFS
SIFS
D2
SIFS
U1
U2
NAV

7.19.
1
DFWMAC-PCF II
t2
point
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
D3
PIFS
t3
t4
SIFS CFen
D4
SIFS
U4
NAV
contention free period

contention
period
7.20.
1
802.11 - Frame format

Types
control frames, management frames, data frames
Sequence numbers
important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
Addresses
receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous
bytes
sending time, checksum, frame control, data
2
Frame
Control
2
Duratio
n
ID
6
Addres
s
1
6
Addres
s
2
6
Addres
s
3
2
Sequenc
e
Control
6
Addres
s
4
0-2312
Data
CRC
version, type, fragmentation, security, ...

7.21.
1
MAC address format
DS: Distribution System

AP: Access Point
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
BSSID: Basic Service Set
Identifier
RA: Receiver Address
TA: Transmitter Address
7.22.
1
802.11 - MAC management
Synchronization
Power management
sleep-mode without missing a message

periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/Reassociation
try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN

timer etc.
integration into a LAN

roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points
scanning, i.e. active search for a network
MIB - Management Information Base
managing, read, write

7.23.
1
Synchronization using a Beacon

(infrastructure)
beacon interval
acces
s
point
mediu
m
B
busy
bu
sy
B
busy
B
busy
t
value of the timestamp
B beacon frame

7.24.
1
Synchronization using a Beacon (adhoc)

beacon interval
station1
station2
mediu
m
busy
bu
sy
value of the timestamp
busy
B beacon frame

busy
t
random delay
7.25.
1
Power management
Idea: switch the transceiver off if not needed

States of a station: sleep and awake
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
stations wake up at the same time
Infrastructure
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM)
list of unicast receivers transmitted by AP

list of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)

announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
more complicated - no central AP
collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)

7.26.
1
Power saving with wake-up

patterns (infrastructure)
TIM interval
acces
s
point
mediu
m
DTIM interval
D B
T
bus
y
bu
sy
D B
bus
y
bu
sy
p
station
d
t
T TIM
D DTIM
B broadcast/multicas
t
awake
p PS
poll
d data transmission
to/from the station

7.27.
1
Power saving with wake-up

patterns (ad-hoc)
ATIM
window
beacon interval
B
station1
station2
B beacon frame
awake
random delay
a acknowledge ATIM
A transmit ATIM
t
D transmit data
d acknowledge data

7.28.
1
802.11 - Roaming
No or bad connection? Then perform:

Scanning
Reassociation Request
station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Reassociation Response
scan the environment, i.e., listen into the medium for beacon signals or
send probes into the medium and wait for an answer
success: AP has answered, station can now participate

failure: continue scanning
AP accepts Reassociation Request
signal the new station to the distribution system

the distribution system updates its data base (i.e., location information)
typically, the distribution system now informs the old AP so it can release
resources
7.29.
1
Future developments
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b
compatible MAC, but now 5 GHz band

transmission rates up to 20 Mbit/s
close cooperation with BRAN (ETSI Broadband Radio Access
Network)
higher data rates at 2.4 GHz
proprietary solutions already offer 10 Mbit/s
IEEE WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Networks)
market potential
compatibility
low cost/power, small form factor
technical/economic feasibility
Bluetooth
7.30.
1

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Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

1 Parte IEEE 802.11

very flexible within the reception area

typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks

Design goals for wireless LANs

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

Comparison: infrared vs. radio

simple, cheap, available in many

IrDA (Infrared Data Association)

experience from wireless WAN and

typically using the license free ISM

uses IR diodes, diffuse light,

very limited license free frequency

WaveLAN, HIPERLAN, Bluetooth

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc

AP: Access Point

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

802.11 - Architecture of an infrastructure

Basic Service Set (BSS)

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

bridge to other (wired) networks

station integrated into the wireless

group of stations using the same

terminal with access mechanisms to

interconnection network to form one

802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc

Direct communication within a limited

Basic Service Set (BSS):

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

802.11 - Layers and functions

PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol

PMD Physical Medium Dependent

synchronization, roaming, MIB,

clear channel assessment signal

channel selection, MIB

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

coordination of all management

802.11 - Physical layer

3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)

spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s

850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range

Mobile Communications: Wireless LANs

FHSS PHY packet format

SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096

PSF (PLCP Signaling Field)

0000110010111101 start pattern

PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word)

synch with 010101... pattern

data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s)

HEC (Header Error Check)

CRC with x16+x12+x5+1