Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

Mobile Communications
Chapter 4: Wireless
Telecommunication Systems
Market
GSM
Overview
Services
Sub-systems
Components
Mobile Communications: Wireless
DECT
TETRA
UMTS/IMT-2000
4.0.1
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

700000
subscribers (x 1000)
600000
Analog total
500000
GSM total
400000
CDMA total
300000
TDMA total
PDC/PHS total
200000
total
100000
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
4.1.1
GSM: Overview
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982)

now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases
(1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication
administrations (Germany: D1 and D2)
seamless roaming within Europe possible
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 130
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 100 million subscribers
4.2.1
Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data

services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of

different providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
High transmission quality
high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone

calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
4.3.1
Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!
no end-to-end encryption of user data
no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent
B-channel
reduced concentration while driving

electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
4.4.1
GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains

Bearer Services
Telematic Services
Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
TE
MT
R, S
GSM-PLMN
Um
transit
network
(PSTN, ISDN)
source/
destination
network
TE
(U, S, R)
tele services
4.5.1
Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access

points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers
1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
data service (packet switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
4.6.1
Tele Services I
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security
measurements etc.
Offered services
mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all
service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest
priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
4.7.1
Tele Services II
Additional services
Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax
voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed
network)
...
Short Message Service (SMS)

alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the
signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and
SMS
4.8.1
Supplementary services
Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered

stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the
radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and
protocol versions
Important services
identification: forwarding of caller number

suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
...
4.9.1
Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM
standard within each country
components
MS (mobile station)
BS (base station)
MSC (mobile switching center)
LR (location register)
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
4.10.1
GSM: overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR
MSC
GMSC
VLR
fixed network
MSC
BSC
BSC
RSS
4.11.1
GSM: elements and interfaces
radio cell
MS
BSS
MS
Um
radio cell
MS
BTS
RSS
BTS
Abis
BSC
BSC
A
MSC
NSS
MSC
VLR
signaling
VLR
HLR
GMSC
IWF
ISDN, PSTN
PDN
O
OSS
EIR
AUC
OMC
4.12.1
GSM: system architecture

radio
subsystem
MS
network and
switching subsystem
MS
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
Um
BTS
fixed
partner networks
Abis
EIR
SS7
BTS
BSC
VLR
BTS
BTS
BSS
HLR
BSC
A
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
4.13.1
System architecture: radio subsystem

radio
subsystem
MS
network and switching

subsystem
MS
Components
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
Um
BTS
Abis
BTS
BSC
MSC
BTS (Base Transceiver Station):

sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
BTS
BTS
A
BSC
MSC
BSS
Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open interface with

16 kbit/s user channels
A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
4.14.1
System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network
subsystem
fixed partner
networks
Components
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
IWF (Interworking Functions)
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
SS7
EIR
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)
HLR
Databases
VLR
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
HLR (Home Location Register)

VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
PSPDN
CSPDN
4.15.1
Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network
up to the switching centers
Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender,
receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover
several cells
Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling
BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um)
onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)
4.16.1
GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
cell
idealized shape of the cell
use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells
handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
4.17.1
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS
BTS comprises radio specific functions
BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions
Management of radio channels
Frequency hopping (FH)
Management of terrestrial channels
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels
Channel coding and decoding
Rate adaptation
Encryption and decryption
Paging
Uplink signal measurements
Traffic measurement
Authentication
Location registry, location update
Handover management
BTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
BSC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4.18.1
Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
end-point of the radio interface (Um)
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
does not contain GSM specific functions
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters

TE
TA
R
MT
S
Um
4.19.1
Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM
switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks,

system control
Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile
terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to
a MSC
Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR)

central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider
can have several HLRs)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user
currently in the domain of the VLR
4.20.1
Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM
switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
integration of several databases
Functions of a MSC
specific functions for paging and call forwarding

termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
4.21.1
Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,
management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components
Authentication Center (AUC)

generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals
and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes
even localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem
4.22.1
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
qu
en
c
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
fre
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures

time
GSM TDMA frame

1
8
4.615 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard
space
tail
3 bits
user data
S Training S
user data
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
guard
tail space
546.5 s
577 s
4.23.1
GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe
0
2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
...
superframe
...
48
...
49
24
50
6.12 s
25
multiframe
0
...
0
24
2
120 ms
25
...
48
49
50
235.4 ms
frame
0
...
4.615 ms
slot
burst
577 s
4.24.1
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Um
Abis
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
BSSAP
RR
BTSM
RR
BTSM
LAPDm
RR
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
4.25.1
Mobile Terminated Call

1: calling a GSM subscriber
2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
6: forward responsible
calling
MSC to GMSC
station 1
7: forward call to
current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
HLR
4
5
3 6
PSTN
GMSC
10
VLR
8 9
14 15
MSC
10 13
16
10
BSS
BSS
BSS
11
11
11
11 12
17
MS
4.26.1
Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit)
9-10: set up call
VLR
3 4
PSTN
5
GMSC
MSC
8
2 9
MS
1
10
BSS
4.27.1
MTC/MOC
MS
MTC
BTS
MS
MOC
BTS
paging request
channel request
channel request
immediate assignment
immediate assignment
paging response
service request
authentication request
authentication request
authentication response
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering command
ciphering complete
ciphering complete
setup
setup
call confirmed
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment command
assignment complete
assignment complete
alerting
alerting
connect
connect
connect acknowledge
connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange
data/speech exchange
4.28.1
4 types of handover
1
MS
BTS
MS
MS
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
4.29.1
Handover decision
receive level
BTSold
receive level
BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS
MS
BTSold
BTSnew
4.30.1
Handover procedure
MS
BTSold
BSCold
measurement
measurement
report
result
MSC
BSCnew
BTSnew
HO decision
HO required
HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO command
HO command
HO command
HO request ack ch. activation ack
HO access
Link establishment
clear command clear command
clear complete
HO complete
HO complete
clear complete
4.31.1
Security in GSM
Security services
access control/authentication
confidentiality
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal

identification number)
SIM network: challenge response method
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful
authentication)
anonymity
temporary identity TMSI

(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM
secret:
A3 and A8
available via the
Internet
network providers
can use stronger
mechanisms
A3 for authentication (secret, open interface)

A5 for encryption (standardized)
A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)
4.32.1
GSM - authentication
SIM
mobile network
Ki
RAND
128 bit
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
Ki
128 bit
128 bit
A3
A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES
SRES
32 bit
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key
32 bit
SRES
SRES: signed response

4.33.1
GSM - key generation and encryption
MS with SIM
mobile network (BTS)

Ki
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
A8
cipher
key
BTS
Ki
128 bit
SIM
A8
Kc
64 bit
Kc
64 bit
data
encrypted
data
A5
SRES
data
MS
A5
4.34.1
Data services in GSM I

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s
not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

already standardized
bundling of several time-slots to get higher
AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)
(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s]
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
28.8
38.4
43.2
57.6
TCH/F4.8
1
2
3
4
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F14.4
1
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
4.35.1
Data services in GSM II

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send
(e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily)
standardization 1998, introduction 2000?
advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
disadvantage: more investment needed
GPRS network elements

GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
GGSN (Gateway GSN)
SGSN (Serving GSN)
interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)

supports the MS (location, billing, security)
GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses
4.36.1
GPRS quality of service

Reliability
class
Lost SDU
probability
Duplicate
SDU
probability
1
2
3
10-9
10-4
10-2
10-9
10-5
10-5
Delay
class
1
2
3
4
Out of
sequence
SDU
probability
10-9
10-5
10-5
Corrupt SDU
probability
10-9
10-6
10-2
SDU size 128 byte

SDU size 1024 byte
mean
95 percentile
mean
95 percentile
< 0.5 s
< 1.5 s
<2s
<7s
<5s
< 25 s
< 15 s
< 75 s
< 50 s
< 250 s
< 75 s
< 375 s
unspecified
4.37.1
GPRS architecture and interfaces

SGSN
Gn
BSS
MS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn
Gi
HLR/
GR
MSC
VLR
PDN
GGSN
EIR
4.38.1
GPRS protocol architecture

MS
BSS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn GGSN
Gi
apps.
IP/X.25
IP/X.25
SNDCP
SNDCP
LLC
RLC
MAC
RLC
MAC
radio
radio
BSSGP
FR
GTP
GTP
LLC
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
IP
FR
L1/L2
L1/L2
4.39.1
DECT
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI
(ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones
standard describes air interface between base-station and
mobile phone
DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons
into Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication
Characteristics
frequency: 1880-1990 MHz

channels: 120 full duplex
duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame
length
multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies,
TDMA with 2x 12 slots
modulation: digital, Gauian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)
power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW)
range: ca 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space
4.40.1
DECT system architecture reference model

D4
PA
PA
D3
PT
VDB
D2
FT
local
network
PT
HDB
D1
global
network
FT
local
network
4.41.1
DECT reference model

C-Plane
U-Plane
signaling,
interworking
application
processes
network
layer
data link
control
management
OSI layer 3
close to the OSI reference

model
management plane over
all layers
several services in
C(ontrol)- and U(ser)plane
data link
control
OSI layer 2
medium access control
physical layer
OSI layer 1
4.42.1
DECT layers I
Physical layer
modulation/demodulation
generation of the physical channel structure with a guaranteed
throughput
controlling of radio transmission
channel assignment on request of the MAC layer

detection of incoming signals
sender/receiver synchronization
collecting status information for the management plane
MAC layer
maintaining basic services, activating/deactivating physical
channels
multiplexing of logical channels
e.g., C: signaling, I: user data, P: paging, Q: broadcast
segmentation/reassembly
error control/error correction
4.43.1
DECT time multiplex frame

1 frame = 10 ms
12 down slots
slot
0
0
sync
A: network control
B: user data
X: transmission quality
25.6 kbit/s
simplex bearer
32 kbit/s
31 0
0
419
guard 420 bit + 52 s guard time (60 bit)

in 0.4167 ms
D field
A field
12 up slots
387
B field
63 0
protected
mode
319 0
X field
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
64
16
64
16
64
16
64
16
unprotected
mode
DATA
4.44.2
DECT layers II
Data link control layer

creation and keeping up reliable connections between the mobile
terminal and basestation
two DLC protocols for the control plane (C-Plane)
connectionless broadcast service:

paging functionality
Lc+LAPC protocol:
in-call signaling (similar to LAPD within ISDN), adapted to the
underlying MAC service
several services specified for the user plane (U-Plane)
null-service: offers unmodified MAC services

frame relay: simple packet transmission
frame switching: time-bounded packet transmission
error correcting transmission: uses FEC, for delay critical, timebounded services
bandwidth adaptive transmission
Escape service: for further enhancements of the standard
4.45.1
DECT layers III
Network layer
similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08)
offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release
resources at the basestation and mobile terminal
resources
necessary for a wireless connection

necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network
main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control
call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting
mobility management: identity management, authentication,
management of the location register
4.46.2
Enhancements of the standard

Several DECT Application Profiles in addition to the DECT
specification
GAP (Generic Access Profile) standardized by ETSI in 1997
assures interoperability between DECT equipment of different

manufacturers (minimal requirements for voice communication)
enhanced management capabilities through the fixed network: Cordless
Terminal Mobility (CTM)
DECT
basestation
fixed network
DECT
Common
Air Interface
DECT
Portable Part
GAP
DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM

ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN
Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service
CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility
4.47.1
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked Radio

Trunked radio systems
many different radio carriers

assign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of users
taxi service, fleet management, rescue teams
interfaces to public networks, voice and data services
very reliable, fast call setup, local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard
formerly: Trans European Trunked Radio

offers Voice+Data and Packet Data Optimized service
point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
ad-hoc and infrastructure networks
several frequencies: 380-400 MHz, 410-430 MHz
FDD, DQPSK
group call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setup
4.48.1
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
hyperframe
0
...
57
58
59
61.2 s
15
16
17
1.02 s
multiframe
0
...
CF
frame
0
slot
509
56.67 ms
Control Frame
14.17 ms
4.49.1
UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)
UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS
UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
VHE (virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI

requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)

min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
up to 2 Mbit/s city
4.50.1
UMTS architecture
UTRAN (UTRA Network)
cell level mobility
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)
inter system handover
Uu
UE
Iu
UTRAN
CN
4.51.1
UMTS FDD frame structure

superframe
720 ms
...
69
70
71
13
14
15
frame
10 ms
...
slot
625 s
pilot
625 s
625 s
TPC
TFI
uplink DPDCH
data
pilot
TPC
DPCCH
TFI
uplink DPCCH
W-CDMA
1920-1980 MHz uplink
2110-2170 MHz downlink
chipping rate:
4.096 Mchip/s
soft handover
localization of
MS (ca. 20 m precision)
complex power control
(1600 power control
cycles/s)
data
DPDCH
downlink DPCH
TPC: Transmit Power Control
TFI: Transport Format Identifier
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
4.52.1
UMTS TDD frame structure
frame
10 ms
...
13
14
15
slot
625 s
data
midample
data
GP
GP: Guard Period
traffic burst
W-TDMA/CDMA
2560 chips per slot
symmetric or asymmetric
slot assignment to up/downlink
tight synchronization needed
simpler power control
(100-800 power control
cycles/s)
4.53.1
Future mobile telecommunication networks

terminal
mobility
MBS
(Mobile Broadband System)
fast
UMTS
mobile
GSM DECT
slow
portable
fixed
SAMBA
MEDIAN
WAND
ISDN
10 kbit/s
B-ISDN
2 Mbit/s
20 Mbit/s
30 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
4.54.1

Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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Mobile Communications

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

Mobile Communications: Wireless

formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Performance characteristics of GSM

mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data

international access, chip-card enables use of access points of

one number, the network handles localization

better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone

access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Mobile Communications: Wireless

reduced concentration while driving

Mobile Communications: Wireless

GSM: Mobile Services

several types of connections

voice connections, data connections, short message service

multi-service options (combination of basic services)

Three service domains

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access

data service (circuit switched)

data service (packet switched)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Short Message Service (SMS)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered

identification: forwarding of caller number

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Architecture of the GSM system

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Mobile Communications: Wireless

GSM: elements and interfaces

Mobile Communications: Wireless

GSM: system architecture

Mobile Communications: Wireless

System architecture: radio subsystem

network and switching

BTS (Base Transceiver Station):

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Abis : standardized, open interface with

System architecture: network and switching subsystem

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

HLR (Home Location Register)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

GSM: cellular network

idealized shape of the cell

use of several carrier frequencies

Mobile Communications: Wireless