Introduction For Computer

PAN African eNetwork Project
Post Graduate Diploma (IT)

Introduction to IT
Semester - I
Mr. Nishant Rai

Copyright Amity University
1
Course Instructor Profile
12/07/15
Agenda
Course Instructor Profile

Syllabus review
Informal Discussion
General Opinion of Students about Course
Intro to IT Industry and career prospects
12/07/15
A Quick Survey
Which of the following have you done?
Used Computer At Home
Used Computer At office
Used e-mail
Browsed the Web/Internet
Bought a product on the Web (what?)
Define Personal Computer as per

your Understanding?
Course
Total Sessions : 6
Course Commencement :15th Sep 2009
All African Union Countries
Text & References:

Self Study Material
Fundamentals of IT, Satish Jain, BPB Publication

Fundamentals of Information Technology, D S Yadav, New Age Publication
Computer Fundamentals, VRaja Raman
References:
Computer Today, S. K. Basandra, Galgotia Publication
12/07/15
Syllabus Review
Module I: Computer Basics
Algorithms, A Simple Model of a
Computer, Characteristic of a Computer,
Problem Solving Using a Computer,
Generations of Computer Systems
Syllabus Review
Module II: Input output units
Description of Computer Input Units, Other
Input Methods, Computer Output Units
Syllabus Review
Module III: Computer Memory
Memory cells, Memory Organizations,
Read only Memory, Physical devices used
to construct Physical Memory, Hard Disks,
Floppy Disks, CDROM
Syllabus Review
Module IV: Processor
Structure of instruction, Description of
Processor.
Syllabus Review
Module V: Introduction to Operating
Systems
Why do we need Operating System. Batch
Operating System, Multi Programming
Operating System, Time Sharing
Operating System. Personal Computer
Operating System, Online and Real Time
Systems.
Syllabus Review
Module VI: Classification of Computer
Systems
Analog, Digital, Types of Computers
(Micro, Mini, Main Frame) Systems.
Syllabus Review
Module VII: Introduction to Computer and
Communication
Type of Communication among
Computers, Need of computer
Communication Network, Internet and
World Wide Web, Characteristics of
communication Channel, Physical
Communication Media, Establishing
Channel for communications.
Todays Agenda
Computer Basics &Input Output Units

A Simple Model of a Computer
Characteristic of a Computer
Problem Solving Using a Computer
Generations of Computer Systems
Description of Computer Input Units
Other Input Methods
Computer Output Units
Computer
A computer is a machine that
manipulates data according to a set of
instructions.
Information Age
Evolving more rapidly than
Industrial Age
Will continue into the current
century
Greater impact will be felt
among network communities
Forging a Computer-Based Society:

From physical to mental
From muscle-power to brainpower
What is a computer?
A computer is a special type of
electronic calculating device with
internal storage (RAM- hardware)
capabilities
that
performs
mathematical
and
logical
operations (ALU) on the data
through its Central Processing
Unit-CPU, (hardware) based on
the set of program instructions or
language
(software)
and
produces result in the form of
meaningful and useful output.
Computer
A machine that can be
programmed to accept data
(input), process it into
useful information (output),
and store it away (in
secondary storage device)
for safekeeping or later
reuse
Process is directed by the
software but is performed by
the hardware.
Block Diagram of Personal

Computer Function
CAPABILITIES OF
COMPUTER
1. High-speed processing - the computer can process
data faster than any other machine with its speed
of 1/1M of a sec
2. Repetitiveness - a computer can perform the same
operation millions of times in exactly the same way.
3. Accuracy - a computer's high-speed processing
gives 99.99% error free results.
4. Arithmetic and Logical Operations - the computer
can make decisions based on alternative course of
action.
5. Store and Retrieve Information - computers can
store information in the memory and use them
when needed.
Limitations of Computer
1. A computer cannot generate information on its
own. It must be told what to do, when to start,
stop, compute, and make the next move via a
program
2. A computer can detect errors but generally
cannot correct them on its own.
3. Computers cannot combine ideas or take the
best parts or several ideas to come up with a
brand new idea of its own.
4. Computers need periodic maintenance support.
5. A Computer is subject to occasional breakdown
and wear out .
A Computer Now
Where is it used?
Bank withdrawal
Supermarket and department stores
Drive the car
E-Commerce
Do you need a Personal Computer?

Many Filipinos have one at home
Many more use at work
Will I use a computer in my future career?

Almost every job will involve use of a computer
Computer Literacy
Awareness
Importance
Versatility
Pervasiveness in our society
Knowledge
What are computers
How do computers work
Terminology
Interaction
Use some simple computer applications
Where Computers Are Used

Education
Teaching and testing aid
Learning by doing
Computer-based
instruction
E-Learning and
Distance Learning
Computers in Retailing
Bar codes for pricing and
inventory
Recording and monitoring in
Shipping
Computers in Energy
Locate oil, coal,
natural gas, and
uranium
Monitor the power
network
Meter reading or
ground works
monitoring
Computers for Law

Enforcement
National fingerprint files
National files on
criminal
Computer modeling of
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Computers in Transportation
Cars- automatic
Run rapid transit systems- LRT, MRT
Load containerships
Track railroad cars
Monitor airline traffic
Computers in Finance
Record keeping to monitor expense
Banking by phone or on-line request
Credit cards
Computers in Agriculture
Crop growth information
Feed combinations
Mixed breeding of plants
Livestock breeding
and performance
Computers in Government
Forecast weather
Manage parks
Process immigrants
Social Security benefits
Taxes
Municipal and City Government Services
Computers at Home
Educational tool
Record keeping
Letter writing
Budgeting
Drawing and editing pictures
Newsletters
Connecting with others
Digital Entertainment
Computers in Health and

Medicine
Monitor patients
Electronic imaging
Diagnose illnesses
Assist the disabled
Computers for Robotics

Perform jobs that are dangerous for
humans
Factory work
Mimic how human works

The Sciences
Research
Simulation
Connectivity
Communication
Telecommuting

Training
Airline pilots
Railroad engineers
Paperwork
Term paper
Record keeping
Computers are all around!
Grocery store
School
Library
Bank
Mail
We interact with computers

everyday!
Computer System Components

People
Software
Hardware
Dataware
People
Computer programmer person who
writes programs
Users or End-users make use of
the computers capabilities
Software
Programs- such as Windows
Operating System, MS-Office
Set of instructions that directs the
hardware to do a required task and
produce the desired results
Hardware
Basic Components of a
Computer
Function of Computer System

Data handling
I
P
O
S
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Input devices
Accept data or commands and convert
them to electronic form
Getting data into the computer
Typing on a keyboard
Pointing with a mouse
Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code
reader
Terminal
Output devices
Convert from electronic form to some other
form
May display the processed results
Usable information
Monitor or screen
Printer
Black and white

Color
Text
Numbers
Symbols
Art
Photographs
Video
The Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Converts data to useful information
Interpret and execute instructions
Communicate with input, output and
storage
Two Types of Storage

Secondary storage
long-term storage
Primary storage or memory
temporary storage
Memory / Primary Storage

RAM - Temporary storage
Holds input to be processed
Holds results of processing
Contains the programs to control the
computer and manipulate input into
output
Volatile
Secondary Storage
Long-term storage
Non-volatile
For safekeeping and later re-use
Secondary Storage Examples

Magnetic disks read and written by magnetic
disk drive
Hard disk
Diskette
Optical disks read and written by optical disk

drives
CD-ROM
DVD-ROM
Magnetic tape read and written by magnetic

tape drives
Primarily used for back-up
Computer System
Computer
CPU
Memory
Peripheral equipment
Connected to the computer by a cable
Input, output, storage
Classifications of Computers
According to purpose
According to data
handled
According to size
According to purpose
General purpose- a machine that
can be used to process many types
of applications. Ex microcomputers
Special purpose- a machine that
can be used for a specific application
or just ONE application. Ex: Weather
Forecasting and Airlines Reservation
According to data handled

Analog computers- a computer that
manipulates continuous or approximate
types of data
Digital computers - a computer that
manipulates discrete types of data
Hybrid computers- a computer that can
manipulate both analog or digital types
of data
According to size or capacity

Microcomputer smallest in size and the
cheapest. It can handle thousands of records.
Minicomputer the medium size computer,
bigger and more expensive than the
microcomputer
Mainframe a large computer that can handle
millions of data, Support multiple user, does
server tasks
Supercomputer is a very large computer

that manipulates billions of data
Classifications of Computers
Use the computer that fits your needs
Based upon
Size
Speed
Cost
Portability
Number of simultaneous users supported
Available software
Typical use
Personal Computers
Other names
PC
Microcomputer
Home computer
Categories
Low-end functional
Fully powered
Workstations
Net computer or net box (Web TV)
Desktop Models
Notebook Computers
Portable
Lightweight
Fits in a briefcase
Battery operated
Laptop
Larger
Heavier
More expensive that

desktop models
Handheld Computers
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Scheduling
Addresses
Handwritten input
May offer wireless e-mail and fax
Pocket
More power than PDA
Runs basic productivity software
Generations of Computer
The First generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation
The Computer Age

Rapid changes
Four generations over 50 years
Trends across generations
Decrease size
Increase speed
The First Generation

1951-1958
Vacuum Tube
Heat
Burnout
Magnetic core
memory
Storage
Punched cards
Machine language
Tape (1957)
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
Computers big and clumsy
Electricity consumption is high
Electric failure occurred regularly - computers not
very reliable
Large air conditioners was necessary because the
computers generated heat
Batch processing

1951, UNIVAC
Eckert and Mauchly completed the first
commercial computer in the USA the
UNIVAC
(Universal
Automatic
Computer)
First computer built for business
Short Code - A set of instructions
called Short Code is developed for the
UNIVAC. Programmers

1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment was
developed.
IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in
real-time applications and used the technology of
Whirlwind.
SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defense
system. They were fully deployed in 1963, that consisted
of 27 centers throughout North America, each with a
duplexed AN/FSQ-7 computer system containing over
50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing 250 tons and occupying
an acre of floor space.
SAGE was the first large computer network to provide
man-machine interaction in real time.

1952, EDVAC-
Electronic Discreet
Variable Computer
John Von Neumann,
designed with a central
control unit which would
calculate and output all
mathematical and logical
problems and a memory
which could be written
to and read. (RAM in
modern terms) which
would store programs
and data.

1953, IBM 701
The 701 was formally announced
on May 21, 1952. It was the unit of
the overall 701 Data Processing
System
in
which
actual
calculations were performed. That
activity involved 274 assemblies
executing
all
the
system's
computing and control functions
by means of electronic pulses
emitted at speeds ranging up to
one million a second.
1953, The Whirlwind
Whirlwind was a large scale,

general purpose digital computer
begun at the Servomechanisms
Laboratory of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1946.

1959-1964
Transistor
Storage
Removable disk pack

(1954)
Magnetic tape
Smaller
No warm-up time Programming languages
Less energy
Assembly language
FORTRAN (1954)
Less heat
COBOL(1959)
Faster
More reliable
Used primarily by business,
university, government
Computers became smaller

Generate less heat
Electricity consumption lower
More reliable and faster
Core memory developed
Magnetic tapes and disks used
First operating systems developed
A new processing method was needed.
Time-sharing (processing technique)
1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8

Digital introduces the first successful
minicomputer the PDP-8. It was about
as large as a fridge and used transistors
and magnetic core memory.
1964 Real-time reservation system

IBM developed a real-time
computerised ticket reservation system
for American Airways.
It was smaller than SAGE and was
called SABRE (Semi-Automatic
Business-Related Environment).

1964, IBMs System 360
It consisted of 6
processors and 40
peripheral units.
More than 100
computers per
month were ordered.
1964, BASIC
(programming
language)
A programming language
was necessary that could
be used in a time-sharing
environment and that
could serve as a training
language.

1965-1970
Integrated Circuit
1. Computers smaller,
Electronic circuit on
faster and more
reliable
small silicon chip
2. Power consumption
Reliability
lower
Compactness
3. High-level
Low cost
languages appeared
Inexpensive
mass-produced

1965, Gordon Moore
The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founder
of Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that
occurred on a microchip would double every year. It
became known as Moores Law and is still valid
today.
Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of

two computers - the B2500 and the B3500.
Control Data and NCR made two computers
using only integrated circuits - the CDC 7600
and the Century series respectively.

1968,
Intel
Electronics).
was
founded
(INTegrated
They developed more sophisticated memory chips.
1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a

microchip.
The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first
1Kb RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the
disappearance of Magnetic Core Memory that was
used since the mid 1950's.
1969,
IBM
System/370
replaced
their
System/360 with the System/370 that only used
integrated circuits.

1971-Present
Microprocessor
General-purpose
processor on a chip
Explosive growth
Digital watches
Pocket calculators
Personal
computers
Cars
Copy machines
Television sets
Integrated circuits,
smaller and faster
Micro computer
series such as IBM
and APPLE
developed
Portable computers
developed
Great development
in data
communication
Different types of

1971, Pascal
1971,
(programming
Microprocessor
language) Early
Intel developed the
programming languages
first microprocessor
Niklaus Wirth - a
- a CPU on a
Swedish computer
microchip.
scientist - developed
It was called the
4004 and consisted
of 2-250 transistors
capable
of
processing 4 bits at a
rate
of
60,000
transac-tions/second.
the Pascal language in

1971. This language
was specifically
designed to teach the
concepts of structured
programming. Pascal
remains the most
popular language for
learning the basic
principles of good
programming.

1972, CP/M
(Operating system)
The first operating
system for
microcomputers was
developed by Gary
Kildall and John
Torode.
Torode developed
hardware to connect a
diskette (floppy disk)
to the CPU.
1974
8080 Microprocessor, was
released - it made the
development
of
the
microcomputer possible.
MARK-8 Johnathan
Titus (a chemist
with an interest in
electronics) ordered
an 8008 processor
from Intel.
He
built
a
computer
with
six(6)
circuit
boards which had
256 bytes RAM.
Motorolas
6800
processor developed
a processor

1975 - January
Altair 8800- Popular
Mechanics published an
article which announced the
development of a true
personal computer
Developed by MITS (Micro
Instrumentation and
Telemetry Systems). It used
the 8-bit Intel 8080
microprocessor and was
made available in a
complete kit, including all
components and assembly
instructions.
256 bytes of RAM was
available. 16 slots were left
open to include more RAM
when necessary.
Apple- Steve Wozniak and

Steve Jobs founded the
Apple Company .
They built a microcomputer motherboard
that
used
a
8-bit
processor.
The motherboard was a
single circuit board and
held 4 Kb RAM.
1976, MOS 6502 processor
MOS technologies
announced the
develop-ment of the
6502 processor, an 8-bit
processor with very few
registers
and
16-bit
address bus.
It was used
in the
design of the Apple II

1977. Apple II Wozniak 1978 Intels 8086
processor that conand Jobs released the
tained
16-bit
Apple II. It was cheap,
registers and used
had 16 Kb RAM and was
segmented memory
ideal for playing video
addressing.
games.
All x86 processors
It was sold with a
had to be compatible
keyboard, a power supply
with
the
set
of
and included 8 slots for
instructions,
first
peripherals.
It
could
used
in
this
therefore be used with a
processor.
wider
variety
of
peripherals
and 1979, Motorolas 68000
programs.
processor which was
used in the Apple Lisa

First spreadsheet :
VisiCalcDan Bricklin and

Bob Frankston of the
Software Arts Company
developed
the
first
spreadsheet program for
use on microcomputers,
namely VisiCalc. It was
distributed by Personal
Software for use on all
Apple
computers.Word
processor
WordStar
The
word
processing
program WordStar was
developed by Seymour
Rubenstein's
firm
MicroPro and became the
best seller in the CP/M
operating environment.
1981, IBM PCIBM

announced it's first
Personal Computer
- the IBM PC - an
Intel
8088
processor
1982, Intels 286
processor.
Intel
announced
the
80286
microprocessor.
This was used in the
IBM PC AT (Advanced
Technology).
4th Generation
1983, Apples Lisa
Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to

move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands. The
Lisa was the first commercial computer to use a Graphical User
Interface (GUI)
1983, IBM announced the PC XT (eXtended
Technology). Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured:
4,77 MHz processor speed
Double floppy disks
MS DOS version 3.3
Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives available.
1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system)

Microsoft released Windows 3.0.

Mid 1990s
Intelligent
computers
Artificial
intelligenc
e
Expert
systems
Natural
language
Applications for 5th Gen

computers
Intelligent robots that could see
their environment (visual input -
e.g. a video camera) and could be
programmed to carry out certain
tasks and should be able to decide
for itself how the task should be
accomplished, based on the
observations it made of its
environment.
Intelligent systems that could control
the route of a missile and defencesystems that could fend off attacks.
Word processors that could be
controlled by means of speech
5th Generation
Some technological developments that could make
the development of fifth-generation computers
possible, include:
Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped to
function as one large group processor.

Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor through
which electricity can travel without any resistance resulting in
faster transfer of information between the components of a
computer.
Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by
following the logical steps of problem solving just as if the
doctor would have done it himself.
Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictation
and entering the text into a word processor, are already
available.

AI Artificial Intelligence
How computers can be used for tasks
that required human characteristics
Problem Solving by Search
An important aspect of intelligence is goal-based problem solving. The

solution of many problems (e.g. noughts and crosses, timetabling,
chess) can be described by finding a sequence of actions that lead to a
desirable goal. Each action changes the state and the aim is to find the
sequence of actions and states that lead from the initial (start) state to a
final (goal) state.
A well-defined problem can be described by:

1. Initial state
2. Operator or successor function - for any state x returns s(x), the
set of states reachable from x with one action
3. State space - all states reachable from initial by any sequence of
actions
4. Path - sequence through state space
5. Path cost - function that assigns a cost to a path. Cost of a path is
the sum of costs of individual actions along the path
6. Goal test - test to determine if at goal state

Expert Systems
Software used with an
extensive set of organized
data that presents the
computer as an expert on
a particular topic

Natural Language
Humans
communicate with
computers in the
language they use on
a daily basis

Robotics
Computer-controlled
device that can
physically manipulate
its surroundings
Robot development firm
Speecys Corp. of Tokyo
developed a small
humanoid robot, powered
entirely by easy-to-replace,
environmentally friendly
fuel-cell batteries.
THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981

VR Virtual Reality
Engage a user in a
computer-created
environment
User physically
interacts with
computer-created
environment
Thank You
Please forward your query
To: [email protected]
CC:
[email protected]
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PAN African eNetwork Project

Post Graduate Diploma (IT)

Mr. Nishant Rai

Course Instructor Profile

Course Instructor Profile

Define Personal Computer as per

Copyright Amity University

Text & References:

Fundamentals of IT, Satish Jain, BPB Publication

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Computer Basics &Input Output Units

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Forging a Computer-Based Society:

Block Diagram of Personal

Copyright Amity University

Do you need a Personal Computer?

Will I use a computer in my future career?

Copyright Amity University

Where Computers Are Used

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Computers for Law

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Mixed breeding of plants

Copyright Amity University

Computers in Health and

Copyright Amity University

Computers for Robotics

Copyright Amity University

Where Computers Are Used

Copyright Amity University

Where Computers Are Used

Copyright Amity University

Computers are all around!

We interact with computers

Computer System Components

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

Function of Computer System

Copyright Amity University

Black and white

Copyright Amity University

Two Types of Storage

Copyright Amity University

Memory / Primary Storage

Copyright Amity University

Secondary Storage Examples

Optical disks read and written by optical disk

Magnetic tape read and written by magnetic

Copyright Amity University