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    Antibiotics

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    Ellen Castillo Mariano
    This document discusses antibiotics, including their etymology, introduction, classification, specific antibiotics like aminoglycosides and vancomycin, and administration. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic), chemical structure, and spectrum of activity (narrow or broad). Aminoglycosides and vancomycin are described in more detail, including their mechanisms, toxic effects like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and administration routes. Antibiotics can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically depending on the infection.

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    Antibiotics

    Uploaded by

    Ellen Castillo Mariano
    200 views22 pages
    This document discusses antibiotics, including their etymology, introduction, classification, specific antibiotics like aminoglycosides and vancomycin, and administration. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic), chemical structure, and spectrum of activity (narrow or broad). Aminoglycosides and vancomycin are described in more detail, including their mechanisms, toxic effects like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and administration routes. Antibiotics can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically depending on the infection.

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    Antibiotics

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    This document discusses antibiotics, including their etymology, introduction, classification, specific antibiotics like aminoglycosides and vancomycin, and administration. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic), chemical structure, and spectrum of activity (narrow or broad). Aminoglycosides and vancomycin are described in more detail, including their mechanisms, toxic effects like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and administration routes. Antibiotics can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically depending on the infection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    200 views22 pages

    Antibiotics

    Uploaded by

    Ellen Castillo Mariano
    This document discusses antibiotics, including their etymology, introduction, classification, specific antibiotics like aminoglycosides and vancomycin, and administration. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic), chemical structure, and spectrum of activity (narrow or broad). Aminoglycosides and vancomycin are described in more detail, including their mechanisms, toxic effects like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and administration routes. Antibiotics can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically depending on the infection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    ANTIBIOTICS

    CANTUBA, Canary Anne B.


    GARCIA, Nica S.
    ICALIA, Albert Jon G.

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    ETYMOLOGY
    The term "antibiotic" derived from anti +
    (bitikos), "fit for life, lively", which comes from
    (bisis), "way of life", and that from
    (bios), "life".
    The term "antibacterial" derived from Greek
    (anti), "against" + (baktrion), diminutive
    of (baktria), "staff, cane", because the
    first ones to be discovered were rod-shaped.

    The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by


    Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal
    articles to describe any substance produced by a
    microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of
    other microorganisms in high dilution.

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    INTRODUCTION
    Antibiotics or antibacterials are a type
    of antimicrobial used in the treatment
    and prevention of bacterial infection.
    They may either kill or inhibit the
    growth of bacteria.

    Several antibiotics are also effective


    against fungi and protozoans, and some are
    toxic to humans and animals, even when
    given in therapeutic dosage.
    Antibiotics are not effective against viruses
    such as the common cold or influenza, and
    may be harmful when taken inappropriately.

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    CLASSIFICATION (Mechanism of
    action & Chemical Structure)

    Antibiotics that exhibit BACTERICIDAL


    mechanism are those that target:
    bacterial cell wall (penicillins and
    cephalosporins)
    the cell membrane (polymyxins)
    interfere with essential bacterial enzymes
    (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and
    sulfonamides)
    protein synthesis (aminoglycoside)

    CLASSIFICATION (Mechanism of
    action & Chemical Structure)

    Antibiotics that exhibit


    BACTERIOSTATIC mechanism are those
    that target:
    protein synthesis (macrolides,
    lincosamides and tetracyclines)

    CLASSIFICATION (Spectrum of
    Activity)

    NARROW-SPECTRUM" antibacterial
    antibiotics target specific types of bacteria,
    such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive
    bacteria.
    BROAD-SPECTRUM antibiotics affect a
    wide range of bacteria.

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    AMINOGLYCOSIDES
    Group of chemically related antibiotics used
    for treatment of infections with gramnegative bacteria that are resistant to less
    toxic antibiotics
    Most commonly encountered in a clinical
    setting are gentamicin, tobramycin,
    amikacin and kanamycin.
    Same mechanism of action but vary in
    effectiveness against different strains of

    Ototoxic effect: disruption of inner ear


    cochlear and vestibular membranes, which
    results in hearing and balance impairment.
    These effects are irreversible.
    Nephrotoxicity effects: impair the function of
    proximal tubules of the kidney, which may
    result in electrolyte imbalance and possibly
    proteinuria. These effects are usually
    reversible; however extended high-level
    exposure may result in necrosis of these
    cells and subsequent renal failure.

    Administration is limited to the IV or IM


    route because aminoglycosides are not well
    absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
    These drugs are not used in outpatient
    setting.
    Aminoglycosides are eliminated by renal
    filtration. In patients with compromised
    renal function, appropriate adjustments must
    be made based on serum concentrations.
    Primary methods for determination:
    Chromatography and immunoassay

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    VANCOMYCIN

    Glycopeptide antibiotic that is effective against


    gram-positive cocci and bacilli.
    Because of poor oral absorption, it is administered
    by IV infusion.
    Many toxic effects occur in the therapeutic range (5
    to 10 g/mL [3.45 to 6.9 mol/L]).
    Primarily eliminated by renal filtration and secretion.
    It is assayed by immunoassay and chromatographic
    methods.
    The major toxicities of vancomycin are red man
    syndrome, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

    Red man syndrome: characterized by an


    erythemic flushing of the extremities
    Nephrotoxicity effects: impair the function of
    proximal tubules of the kidney, which may
    result in electrolyte imbalance and possibly
    proteinuria. These effects are usually
    reversible; however extended high-level
    exposure may result in necrosis of these
    cells and subsequent renal failure. It occurs
    more frequently at trough concentrations
    that are greater than 10 g/mL (6.9 mol/L).

    Ototoxic effect: disruption of inner ear


    cochlear and vestibular membranes, which
    results in hearing and balance impairment.
    These effects are irreversible. It occurs more
    frequently when peak serum concentrations
    exceed 40 g/mL (27.6 mol/L).

    ANTIBIOTICS
    Etymology
    Introduction
    Classification

    Based on mechanism of action


    Based on chemical structure
    Based on spectrum of activity

    Aminoglycosides
    Vancomycin
    Administration

    ADMINISTRATION
    Oral antibiotics are taken by mouth
    Intravenousadministration may be used in more
    serious cases such as deep-seatedsystemic
    infections
    Antibiotics
    may
    administeredtopically,
    ointments.

    also
    as

    sometimes
    be
    witheye
    dropsor

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