Computer Security

MIS 604 IT Solutions to Business Problems

Spring 2002

Hackers

Topics

Crisis
Computer Crimes
Hacker Attacks
Modes of Computer Security

Password Security
Network Security
Web Security
Distributed Systems Security
Database Security

Crisis

Internet has grown very fast and security has

lagged behind.
Legions of hackers have emerged as impedance to
entering the hackers club is low.
It is hard to trace the perpetrator of cyber attacks
since the real identities are camouflaged
It is very hard to track down people because of the
ubiquity of the network.
Large scale failures of internet can have a
catastrophic impact on the economy which relies
heavily on electronic transactions

Computer Crime The

Beginning

In 1988 a "worm program" written by a

college student shut down about 10 percent
of computers connected to the Internet.
This was the beginning of the era of cyber
attacks.
Today we have about 10,000 incidents of
cyber attacks which are reported and the
number grows.

Computer Crime - 1994

A 16-year-old music student called Richard Pryce,

better known by the hacker alias Datastream
Cowboy, is arrested and charged with breaking into
hundreds of computers including those at the
Griffiths Air Force base, Nasa and the Korean Atomic
Research Institute. His online mentor, "Kuji", is
never found.

Also this year, a group directed by Russian hackers

broke into the computers of Citibank and transferred
more than $10 million from customers' accounts.
Eventually, Citibank recovered all but $400,000 of
the pilfered money.

Computer Crime - 1995

In February, Kevin Mitnick is arrested for a second

time. He is charged with stealing 20,000 credit card
numbers. He eventually spends four years in jail and
on his release his parole conditions demand that he
avoid contact with computers and mobile phones.
On November 15, Christopher Pile becomes the first
person to be jailed for writing and distributing a
computer virus. Mr Pile, who called himself the Black
Baron, was sentenced to 18 months in jail.
The US General Accounting Office reveals that US
Defense Department computers sustained 250,000
attacks in 1995.

Computer Crime - 1999

In March, the Melissa virus goes on the rampage

and wreaks havoc with computers worldwide. After
a short investigation, the FBI tracks down and
arrests the writer of the virus, a 29-year-old New
Jersey computer programmer, David L Smith.

More than 90 percent of large corporations and

government agencies were the victims of computer
security breaches in 1999

Computer Crime - 2000

In February, some of the most popular websites in

the world such as Amazon and Yahoo are almost
overwhelmed by being flooded with bogus requests
for data.
In May, the ILOVEYOU virus is unleashed and clogs
computers worldwide. Over the coming months,
variants of the virus are released that manage to
catch out companies that didn't do enough to
protect themselves.
In October, Microsoft admits that its corporate
network has been hacked and source code for future
Windows products has been seen.

Why Security?
Some of the sites which have been compromised

U.S. Department of Commerce

NASA
CIA
Greenpeace
Motorola
UNICEF
Church of Christ

Some sites which have been rendered ineffective

Yahoo
Microsoft
Amazon

Why do Hackers
Attack?

Because they can

A large fraction of hacker attacks have been pranks

Financial Gain
Espionage
Venting anger at a company or organization
Terrorism

Types of Hacker Attack

Active Attacks

Denial of Service
Breaking into a site
Intelligence Gathering
Resource Usage
Deception

Passive Attacks

Sniffing
Passwords
Network Traffic
Sensitive Information

Information Gathering

Modes of Hacker Attack

Over the Internet

Over LAN
Locally
Offline
Theft
Deception

Spoofing
Definition:
An attacker alters his identity so that some one thinks he
is some one else
Email, User ID, IP Address,
Attacker exploits trust relation between user and
networked machines to gain access to machines

Types of Spoofing:
1. IP Spoofing:
2. Email Spoofing
3. Web Spoofing

IP Spoofing Flying-Blind
Attack

Definition:
Attacker uses IP address of another computer to acquire
information or gain access
Replies sent back to 10.10.20.30

Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30

Attacker changes his own IP address

to spoofed address
Attacker can send messages to a
machine masquerading as spoofed
machine
Attacker can not receive messages
from that machine

John
10.10.5.5
From Address: 10.10.20.30
To Address: 10.10.5.5

Attacker
10.10.50.50

IP Spoofing Source
Routing

Definition:
Attacker spoofs the address of another machine and inserts itself between
the attacked machine and the spoofed machine to intercept replies

Attacker intercepts packets

as they go to 10.10.20.30

From Address: 10.10.20.30

To Address: 10.10.5.5
Replies sent back
to 10.10.20.30

Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30

Attacker
10.10.50.50

John
10.10.5.5

The path a packet may change can vary over time

To ensure that he stays in the loop the attacker uses source routing
to ensure that the packet passes through certain nodes on the
network

Email Spoofing
Definition:
Attacker sends messages masquerading as some one else
What can be the repercussions?

Types of Email Spoofing:

1. Create an account with similar email address

[email protected]: A message from this account can

perplex the students

2. Modify a mail client

Attacker can put in any return address he wants to in the mail

he sends

3. Telnet to port 25

Most mail servers use port 25 for SMTP. Attacker logs on to this
port and composes a message for the user.

Web Spoofing

Basic

Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Attacker acts as a proxy between the web server and the client
Attacker has to compromise the router or a node through which
the relevant traffic flows

URL Rewriting

Attacker registers a web address matching an entity e.g.

votebush.com, geproducts.com, gesucks.com

Attacker redirects web traffic to another site that is controlled by

the attacker
Attacker writes his own web site address before the legitimate link

Tracking State

When a user logs on to a site a persistent authentication is

maintained
This authentication can be stolen for masquerading as the user

Web Spoofing
Tracking State

Web Site maintains authentication so that the

user does not have to authenticate repeatedly
Three types of tracking methods are used:
1. Cookies: Line of text with ID on the users cookie file

Attacker can read the ID from users cookie file

2. URL Session Tracking: An id is appended to all the links

in the website web pages.

Attacker can guess or read this id and masquerade as user

3. Hidden Form Elements

ID is hidden in form elements which are not visible to user

Hacker can modify these to masquerade as another user

Session Hijacking
Definition:
Process of taking over an existing active session

Modus Operandi:
1. User makes a connection to the server by
authenticating using his user ID and password.
2. After the users authenticate, they have access to the
server as long as the session lasts.
3. Hacker takes the user offline by denial of service
4. Hacker gains access to the user by impersonating the
user

Session Hijacking
Bob telnets to Server
Bob authenticates to Server
Server

Bob
Die!

Hi! I am Bob

Attacker

Attacker can

monitor the session

periodically inject commands into session
launch passive and active attacks from the session

Session Hijacking How Does it

Work?

Attackers exploit sequence numbers to hijack sessions

Sequence numbers are 32-bit counters used to:

Receiver and Sender have their own sequence numbers

When two parties communicate the following are needed:

tell receiving machines the correct order of packets

Tell sender which packets are received and which are lost

IP addresses
Port Numbers
Sequence Number

IP addresses and port numbers are easily available so once

the attacker gets the server to accept his guesses
sequence number he can hijack the session.

Denial of Service (DOS)

Attack

Definition:

Attack through which a person can render a system unusable or

significantly slow down the system for legitimate users by
overloading the system so that no one else can use it.

Types:
1.

Crashing the system or network

2.

Exhausting the resources by flooding the system or network with

information

3.

Send the victim data or packets which will cause system to crash or
reboot.

Since all resources are exhausted others are denied access to the
resources

Distributed DOS attacks are coordinated denial of service attacks

involving several people and/or machines to launch attacks

Denial of Service (DOS)

Attack

Types:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Ping of Death
SSPing
Land
Smurf
SYN Flood
CPU Hog
Win Nuke
RPC Locator
Jolt2
Bubonic
Microsoft Incomplete TCP/IP Packet Vulnerability
HP Openview Node Manager SNMP DOS Vulneability
Netscreen Firewall DOS Vulnerability
Checkpoint Firewall DOS Vulnerability

Buffer Overflow Attacks

This attack takes advantage of the way in which information is stored by computer programs
An attacker tries to store more information on the stack than the size of the buffer

How does it work?

Bottom of
Memory

Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Buffer 1
Local Variable 1

Fill
Direction

Bottom of
Memory

Return Pointer
Function Call
Arguments

Top of
Memory

Normal Stack

Top of
Memory

Fill
Direction

Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Machine Code:
execve(/bin/sh)
New Pointer to
Exec Code
Function Call
Arguments

Buffer 1 Space Overwritten

Return Pointer Overwritten

Smashed Stack

Buffer Overflow Attacks

Programs which do not do not have a rigorous memory check in the code are vulnerable to this attack
Simple weaknesses can be exploited

If memory allocated for name is 50 characters, someone can break the system by sending a fictitious name of more than 50 characters

Can be used for espionage, denial of service or compromising the integrity of the data

Examples

NetMeeting Buffer Overflow

Outlook Buffer Overflow
AOL Instant Messenger Buffer Overflow
SQL Server 2000 Extended Stored Procedure Buffer Overflow

Password Attacks

A hacker can exploit a weak passwords & uncontrolled

network modems easily
Steps

Hacker gets the phone number of a company

Hacker runs war dialer program

If original number is 555-5532 he runs all numbers in the 555-55xx

range
When modem answers he records the phone number of modem

Hacker now needs a user id and password to enter company

network

Companies often have default accounts e.g. temp, anonymous with no

password
Often the root account uses company name as the password
For strong passwords password cracking techniques exist

Password Security
Client
Hash
Function

Server
Hashed
Password

Compare
Password

Hashed
Password

Password
Salt

Stored Password
Allow/Deny Access

Password hashed and stored

Salt added to randomize password & stored on system

Password attacks launched to crack encrypted password

Password Attacks Process

Find a valid user ID

Create a list of possible passwords
Rank the passwords from high probability to low
Type in each password
If the system allows you in success !
If not, try again, being careful not to exceed password
lockout (the number of times you can guess a wrong
password before the system shuts down and wont let
you try any more)

Password Attacks Types

Dictionary Attack

Brute Force Attack

People write passwords in different places

People disclose passwords naively to others

Shoulder Surfing

Words from dictionary and their variations used in attack

Social Engineering

Try all permutations of the letters & symbols in the alphabet

Hybrid Attack

Hacker tries all words in dictionary to crack password

70% of the people use dictionary words as passwords

Hackers slyly watch over peoples shoulders to steal passwords

Dumpster Diving

People dump their trash papers in garbage which may contain information
to crack passwords

Conclusions

Computer Security is a continuous battle

As computer security gets tighter hackers are getting smarter

Very high stakes