COMPOSITE MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

(Polyblends alloys, molecularly ordered liquid crystals and polyacrylene sulfide)

BY
V.KRISHNAKUMAR
MTECH( PDM )

POLYBLENDS ALLOYS
DEFINITION:

Mixing together of two or more different polymers or copolymers is known

as polyblending

This process is somewhat similar to compounding

Constituent polymers are usually present in significant weight or volume

proportions with respect to each other ,but seldom all in equal proportions

It is often viewed as similar though not equal to alloying ,since not often
homogeneous

PROPERTIES OF POLY BLENS

It depends on following phases :
extend

of phase separation

Nature

of the phase provided by the matrix material

Character

of dispersed phase

Interaction

between the component polymers

TYPES OF POLYBLENDS
THERE ARE GENERALLY 5 TYPES:
1.MECHANICAL POLYBLENDS
2.CHEMICAL POLYBLENDS
3.MECHNO-CHEMICALPOLYBLENDS
4.SOLUTION CAST POLYBLENDS
5.LATEX POLYBLENDS

MECHANICAL POLY BLENDING

It is made by melt blending of constituent polymers

Incase of amorphous polymer , the processing temperature should be above glass

transition temp while semi crystalline polymers above their melting point

Because of high heat input necessary to maintain a low melt viscosity

High shearing rate is need for thorough blending

Melt mixing is used for the system in which thermal degradation occur

SOLUTION CAST POLYBLEND

Here selected diluents are used to dissolve the component polymers

Diluents lowers the temperature and shear force needed make its
advantage

But removal of diluents after solution blending ultimately to uncertain

phase morphology, thus leads to weaken the blend and performance
reliability

CHEMICAL AND MECHANO- CHEMICAL

POLYBLENDS

The two polymer interlinked by chemical bonding and mechanical

blends are used improved mechanical strength , thermal stability,
chemical resistance, durability

The result polyblend may often appear as an interpenetrating

polymer network (IPN)

ELASTOMER-ELASTOMER BLENDS

Such blends are made when single elastomer fails to offer the desired balance
Natural rubber is selectively blended with synthetic rubber to improve range of properties
The general properties are tack, resilience ,Tear strength ,heat-build-up and some times
fatigue
Wear, cracking resistance, bounce and cost effectiveness
Some times synthetic rubbers them self blended
Nitrile rubber (NBR) may be blended with SBR, EPDM , polychloroprene and
polysulphide rubbers
The main advantage of doing this is cost factor, ozone resistance, oil and heat aging
resistance and low temperature flexibility

PLASTOMER PLASTOMER BLENDS

Commercial polyblends include combination of poly( methyl metha acrylate),polystyrene,

polycarbonates, nylons, poly-ethylene(PE),polypropylene

(PP) , poly amide , polyurethanes ,

ionomers , etc.

EXAMPLE ,PVC is an inherently flame retardant , relatively low cost thermoplastic resin thermally
unstable and relatively brittle other hand ABS plastics, are relatively thermally stable , when they
are mixed they much improved heat stability , excellent impact resistance and flame retardance

ABS-PVC polyblend used in power tool handle s, computer devices , kitchen , electronic gadgets
,electrical terminals communication relays similarly polyblens of abs and poly carbonate combine
give high impact strength, thermal resistance good processing characteristics and cos advantage

ELASTOMER-PLASTOMER BLENDS

Generally known as thermoplastic elastomers

Polyolfin thermoplastics , viz., Polypropylene(pp) and polyethylene(HDPE) are blended

with EPR or natural rubber

generally involves vulcanization ,so known as thermo-plastic vulcanizates

such materials are used in packaging , kichten ware , toys ,electronic and electrical goods ,
etc.

POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTALS (PLCS)

Polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) are a class of materials that

combine the properties of polymers with those of liquid crystals

In order for normally flexible polymers to display liquid crystal

characteristics, rod-like or disk-like elements (called mesogens)
must be incorporated into their chains.

Main-chain polymer liquid crystals or MC-PLCs are formed

when the mesogens are themselves part of the main chain of a
polymer

Conversely, side chain polymer liquid crystals or SC-PLCs are

formed when the mesogens are connected as side chains to the
polymer by a flexible "bridge" (called the spacer.)

LIQUID CRYSTAL TYPES

Liquid crystallinity in polymers may occur either by

dissolving a polymer in a solvent ( lyotropic liquidcrystal polymers) or by heating a polymer above its
glass or melting transition point (thermotropic liquidcrystal polymers). Liquid-crystal polymers are present
in melted/liquid or solid form. In solid form the main
example of lyotropic LCPs is the commercial aramid
known as Kevlar

Chemical structure of this aramid consists of linearly

substituted aromatic rings linked by amide groups. In a
similar way, several series of thermotropic LCPs have
been commercially produced by several companies
(e.g., vectron/Ticona)

APPLICATION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

High-Strength Fibers

An application of polymer liquid crystals that has been successfully developed for industry is the area of high strength fibers. Kevlar,
which is used to make such things as helmets and bullet-proof vests, is just one example of the use of polymer liquid crystals in
applications calling for strong, light weight materials

Optical Applications
The use of polymer liquid crystals in the display industry is an exciting area of research
Other uses

LCPs are useful for electrical and mechanical parts, food containers, and any other applications requiring chemical inertness and high
strength

LCP is particularly attractive for microwave frequency electronics due to low relative dielectric constants, low dissipation factors, and
commercial availability of laminates.

Packaging microelectromechanical system (MEMS) is another area that LCP has recently gained more attention

Used in cook ware, microwave oven, microwave oven parts, circuit boards, coiling parts, insulation in small application part,
semiconductor handling devices, parts of electric motors and stators ,socket, connector, chip carriers

TRADE NAMES
LCP is sold by manufacturers under a variety
of trade names. These include:

Kevlar

Vectron

Zenite 5145L is a liquid crystal polymer with

45% glass fiber filler, originally developed
by Dupont, which is used for injection
molded parts with intricate features. Typical
uses include electronic packaging, housing.
etc.

Molecularly ordered liquid crystal

These are actually polymers that means, in the liquid state these polymers show crystalline or
liquid state means in solution or in melt condition there shows anisotropic behavior. So, this
anisotropic behavior in liquid phase is known as liquid crystalline phase.

So, this liquid crystalline phase that occurs due to rigid rod like configuration structures of the
molecules when such units are present in that polymer, those units are known as mesogens. If
those mesogens are present then that gives long range order in the liquid phase.

So, in a polymer so this kind of biphenol, this kind of biphenol if that is reacted with say
hydroxybenzoic acid again that is also reacted with that is terephthalic acid. So, terephthalic
acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, biphenolmoiti all these are linked in one molecule and due to the
presence of these phenyl ring, ester linkage etcetera that forms a long range or rigid rod like
configuration and that is known as molecularly ordered liquid crystal polymers used as matrix
resin or making high performance strong composites. This is xydar polymer

this is vectra polymer here, these terephthalic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxyl nitric
acid, these are there.

Now, here you see the melting temperature or glass tension temperatures are varied from one
polymer to the other polymer by selecting a suitable architectural unit, where you see by because
of this kind of linkage it decreases the melting temperature from this polymer

POLYACRYLENE SULPHIDE

acrylene provides a cost-effective and versatile alternative to glass and other heavier plastics.
It easily withstands the heat from sunlight, cold weather, and dramatic temperature changes,
making it a reliable performer in applications requiring outdoor exposure

An arylene or arenediyl is a substituent of an organic compound organic that is derived from

an aromatic hydrocarbon aromatic (arene) that has had a hydrogen atom removed from two
ring carbon atoms, such as phenylene

Any bivalent radical produced by removal of two hydrogen hydroatoms from the benzene
ring of an aromatic compound

The most commonly known polyacrylene sulphide is polyphenylene sulfide,

PROPERTIES OF (PAS)

Excellent light transmission

Virtually distortion-free

Impact and shatter resistant

Weather resistant with good UV stability

Good rigidity and hardness

Consistent tensile strength at temperatures up to 160F (71C) continuous service

Dimensionally stable

Good insulation properties

Good thermal stability

PPS (POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE)

PPS, Polyphenylene Sulfide is a semi - crystalline, high-performance engineering
plastic with extremely high mechanical (creep resistance, stiffness and strength) high
temperature properties and chemical resistance that often make PPS the preferred
alternative of metals or thermosets

It is usually available unfilled, glass fibre reinforced (30- 40%), and with glass fibre
reinforcement together with mineral filling up to 65%

A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polysulfide
in which at least 85% of the sulfide (S) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is an organic polymer consisting ofaromatic rings linked with
sulfides

Polyphenylene sulfide is an engineering plastic,

high-performance thermoplastic

commonly

used

today

as

TYPES OF PPS

Poly(arylene thioether ketone)s have an excellent heat

resistance,but they have poor heat stability upon melting(melt
stability)

Poly(arylene thio ether ketone ketone )s are not suitable for

industrial production because particular polymerization
solvents and monomersmust be used

Poly(ether thioether ketone ) has an extremely high melting

point at about 410 degree Celsius.

PPS (POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE) KEY

PROPERTIES:

Continuous service temperature up to 240C

Short term temperature resistance up to 270C

Inherently flame retardant

Very high chemical resistance (insoluble in all known solvents below 200C)

Very low water absorption

Very high creep resistance, even at high temperatures

PPS has not been found to dissolve in any solvent at temperatures below
about 200C.

PPS can be molded, extruded or machined to high tolerances.

SYNTHETIC METHOD

Electrophilic
Free

Radical Reactions

Nucleophilic

Substitution
Substitution (SNAR)

Single-Electron Transfer (SRN1)

NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION (SNAR)

Nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of reactions in which an electron nucleophile selectively bonds with
or attacks the positive or partially positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a so-called leaving group ;
the positive or partially positive atom is referred to as an electrophile.
The PPS (polyphenylene sulfide)is formed byreaction ofsodium sulfidewith
p-dichlorobenzene:

APPLICATIONS
Automotive parts

Other components

Compressor components

Electrical components(Plugs, Multipoint connectors

,Relays ,Switches)

Air intake system parts

Power tools components ,Drill and pump components

Fuel system components

Rotors and rings

Pump, valve and compressor manufacturing Surgical

devices

Medical and pharmaceutical

Aircraft and aerospace

Electronics

Semiconductor

Mining

Manifolds and valves

Applications

While this charge air pipe for a VW diesel engine

might ordinarily be made of aluminum due to the
high heat involved, this one is produced with a
glass-fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide
(PPS) from Ticona because it is (1) lighter and (2)
less expensive to produce than the metal version.

An electric water-circulating pump both housing

and impeller are produced with Fortron PPS. The
components see temperatures up to 140 C.

RECYCLING AND RECOVERY

PPS applications are 100% recyclable, either mechanically or as

feedstock, and energy from waste can be recovered at incineration
plants.

The most appropriate recovery options depend on numerous

conditions. These include local legislation, plastics part design,
access to sorting facilities and regional logistics and recycling
costs.

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